pharmacology final lec

Unit 6

Unit 6

This antibiotic acts by interfering with folic acid synthesis in the bacteria

sulfadiazine

Later generations (3rd, 4th etc) cephalosporins

include more gram(-) organisms in their spectrum

Which is true of aminoglycosides?

they are bactericidal

What distinguishes cloxacillin from most other penacillins?

it is β-lactamase resistant

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is an adverse reaction associated with

sulfonamides

A horse has a history of hypersensitivity reaction to procaine penicillin. Which of these drugs would be likely to elicit the same reaction?

ampicillin

Which of these drugs is approved for use in cattle for treatment of mastitis?

ceftiofur

This aminoglycoside labelled for use in humans is used extra label as opthalmic drops in companion animals.

tobramycin

This antibiotic interferes with cell wall formation

cloxacillin

Which of these is found in potentiated sulfonamides?

trimethoprin

β-lactams can be a good choice for urinary tract infections because

they pass unmetabolized by passive diffusion across the glomerulus

All of the following are penicillins except:

gentocillin

A dog is being treated for a Staphylococcal infection with an antibiotic that has a MTD that is lower than the laboratory-determined MIC for this drug-pathogen relationship. Should this antimicrobial be used?

No

Which of the following organizations is the division of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that is responsible for tracking how bacterial resistance and sensitivity profiles change over time?

NARMS (National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System)

It is important to understand the potential for drug residues when choosing therapies for specific groups of animals. For which of the following animals would drug withdrawal times need to be known?

laying hens

Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid is

β-lactamase resistant

Benzathine penicillin G is a widely used antibiotic in veterinary medicine. In which of these species can it cause a fatal GI suprainfection?

guinea pigs

Gentamicin works synergystically with

ampicillin

It has been shown that there is a strong correlation between antibiotic use in food animals and

antimicrobial resistance

Which is true of aminoglycosides?

they are excreted through glomerular filtration

This broad spectrum, bacteriostatic antibiotic is widely use in cats for treatment of mastitis, metritis and other infections, and is also a coccidiostat in poultry.

sulfamethazine

These bactericidal antibiotics are effective against gram(+) and anaerobic bacteria

penicillins

Why isn't gentamicin used to treat bacterial enteritis localized in the colon?

because the colon is very anaerobic

A urinary tract infection (UTI) was cultured in the regional diagnostic laboratory, and MICs were computed based on serial dilution assay. Penicillin had an MIC double the referenced dosage that can be accomplished in the serum. Regardless, the clinician still decided to treat this infection. Why?

penicillins reach high levels in the urine

Which of the following statements about extra label drug use of cephalosporins is true?

extra label use of cephalosporins is prohibited in major feed producing species

These drugs are actively transported into the urine filtrate by cells in the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) of the kidneys.

penicillins

Ormethoprin sulfadimethoxine is

bacteriocidal

Drugs that target cell wall synthesis are most active against the bacteria's

division phase

The addition of _____ and benzathine to penicillin G delays absorption from IM or SC routes.

procaine

Which of these drugs is bacteriostatic?

sulfamethazine

Which of these adverse effects is associated with aminoglycosides?

nephrotoxicity

Cefovecin is highly protein bound. As a result, this drug labelled for use in dogs and cats

has a long duration of action

Sulfonamides are very wide spectrum antimicrobials that work via disruption of microbial folic acid synthesis. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

sulfonamides are bacteriocidal drugs unless potentiated

A strain of E. coli has been exposed to low levels of an antibiotic. The small number of remaining bacteria after this treatment results in a pathogen population that is more resistant to the antibiotic than prior to the treatment. As these bacteria replicate, they pass this resistance profile on to their daughter cells. This type of antibiotic resistance transmission is considered

vertical transfer

This OTC aminoglycoside is intended for use in swine for treatment of scours

apramycin

This antibiotic is used to treat colitis in dogs because of its anti-inflammatory effects

sulfasalazine

Few 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins are administered orally because

Procaine penicillin G may be administered

Unit 7

Unit 7

This group of antibiotics interferes with the function of DNA gyrase in bacteria.

fluoroquinolones

Which group of antibiotics is usually effective against atypical bacteria including Mycoplasma, Chlamydia and Rockettsia?

tetracyclines

Which of these is true of clindamycin?

the oral liquid has a very bitter taste

This antibiotic, which is primarily effective against gram(-) organisms, is commonly found in combination with bacitracin in topical and otic medications.

polymixin B

These bacteriostatic antibiotics act by binding to ribosomes and inhibiting protein synthesis. They are primarily effective against gram (+) organisms and anaerobes.

macrolides

Ultramicrosize griseofulvin is

absorbed more readily than microsize griseofulvin

This bacteriostatic antibiotic is labelled for use in many species. It is commonly used in swine, but also used in dogs and cats for treatment of chronic diarrhea.

tylosin

This antibiotic may be used to treat both anerobic and protozoal infections in companion animals.

metronidazole

This antifungal agent may be administered orally on a long term basis to treat either dermatophytosis or systemic fungal infections.

itraconazole

Residue of a drug that can be found in a food product can be dangerous becausea. it can lead to selection for resistant bacteria in the intestinal tract of humansb. it can cause allergic reactions in the humans that consume or handle it

A & B

Which of the following drug-adverse pairs is incorrect?

chloramphenicol - elevated red blood cell production(causes aplastic anemia - inadequate RBCs, WBCs & platelets)

The lowest concentration of a drug needed to inhibit bacterial growth is called

minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

It is not recommended to treat animals with bacteriostatic drugs such as tetracyclines which simultaneously treating with bacteriocidal drugs such as penicillin. Why?

penicillin only kills active growing bacteria

Which of these drugs is available as a VFD (Veterinary Feed Directive) drug for treatments od cattle or swine?

tetracycline

These drugs can cause cartilage degeneration in puppies.

fluoroquinolones

Administration of _____ tablets or capsules can result in esophageal ulcers in cats.

doxycycline

This antibiotic may be used in dogs, cats and pigs but is fatal to horses.

lincomycin

This antibiotic, which is primarily effective against gram (+) organisms, is commonly found in combination with polymixin B in opthalmic medications.

bacitracin

This antifungal agent is effective against dermatophytes, but not systemic fungal infections.

griseofulvin

This antibiotic, which has the potential to cause aplastic anemia in people, is strictly prohibited for use in food animals.

chloramphenicol

If a drug's MIC is > MTD

the drug concentration needed to inhibit the pathogen will not be safe.

Tetracyclines are

bacteriostatic

Antibiotics, such as kanamycin, that function be reaching a relatively high serum level, are considered _____-dependent drugs, while those that need to be in the body continuously are considered _____-dependent drugs.

concentration; time

Pirlimycin is used as an intramammary infusion to treat mastitis. Pirlimycin is a(n)

lincosamide

This dip is safe for use in puppies and kittens and may be used in treatment of dermatophytosis, but it smells like rotten eggs.

lime sulfur

Which is true of oxytetracycline?

it is bacteriostatic

Humans accidentally exposed to _____ should seek emergency medical attention immediately because of the potential for serious side effects.

tilmicosin

This antifungal is found in many otic and topical preparations for treatment of yeast infections.

nystatin

What drugs, in addition to anti-inflammatories such as glucocorticoids and antibiotics such as the aminoglycosides, are often included in otic preparations for external ear infections in companion animals?

antifungal drugs such as clotrimazole

This antibiotic has a similar spectrum to the penicillins and is approved for use in medicated feed for poultry.

erythromycin

This antifungal is not approved for veterinary use, but may be used extra label in small animals. It may be administered IV for treatment of severe systemic fungal infections.

amphotericin B

Which of the following are not considered primary targets for antimicrobial therapies?

nucleic acid transcription factors

Which of these medications is the odd drug?

tulahromycin

There are three main considerations that must be made when deciding if an antimicrobial will be a successful choice to control a pathogenic infection. These include all of the following except

the antimicrobial must not cause any adverse effects

Unit 8

Unit 8

Which statement is not true of glucocorticoids?

glucocorticoids have little or no anti-inflammatory effect

This NSAID labelled for use in people is occasionally used in cats, but due to its long half-life in cats it is only administered once every 2 days.

acetylsalicylic acid

All of the following are hallmark leukocyte findings of a classic stress leukogram except

neutropenia

Which of the following regarding acetaminophen is false?

the drug is considered an anti-inflammatory

Which of these is NOT an eicosanoid?

arachidonic acid

Flunixin meglumine is also called

Banamine

Eicosanoids are

b and c

This long acting corticosteroid is found in combination with antibacterial and antifungal agents in many topical preparations labelled for veterinary use.

betamethasone

Glucocorticids reduce inflammation by

blocking the action of phospholipase

A 12 year old dog is presented in your clinic with degenerative joint disease resulting in chronic hip pain. Over the last several years this patient has experienced several instanes of gastric upset, requiring repeated administration of sucralfate in addition to ranitidine. In addition, this dog has a history of increased platelet aggregation time because of immune mediated thrombocytopenia. Which of the following medications would be appropriate for use in this patient to help control the joint pain?

carprofen

This substance is found in oral neutraceutical products for dogs, cats and horses. It enhances cartilage repair.

chondroitin sulfate

Which statement is not true of mineralocorticoids?

mineralocorticoids have anti-inflammatory effect

Inhibition of the _____ can selectively inhibit formation of inflammatory prostaglandins.

COX 2 pathway

This injectable biologic is a monoclonal antibody that has been approved by the USDA for treatment of atopic dermatitis in dogs.

Cytopoint

All of the following statements are true about COX enzymes except

animals are more sensitive to the side effects of glucocorticoids than humans so many NSAIDs have been developed for animals to control chronic inflammation

Which of the statements below are accurate descriptions of the two large groups of anti-inflammatories (steroidal and non-steroidal)?

both b and c

Glucocorticoids are often dosed a supraphysiologic levels which results in

decreased production of hormone from the adrenal gland.

This orally administered NSAID COX 1 sparing agent is labelled for use in dogs. It may be used long term for chronic pain, or for a short time at higher doses for post-operative pain.

deracoxib

This long acting corticosteroid is available as an injectable, as tablets, oral liquid and in many otic and opthalmic medications. Its potency makes it a highly effective anti-inflammatory, but also increases risk of adverse effects from excessive use.

dexamethasone

This NSAID used for treatment of osteoarthritis in horses is applied topically at the site of inflammation.

diclofenac sodium

Which of these drugs may be administered as an injection to prevent an allergic reaction to a vaccine?

diphenhydramine

This lipophilic topical agent is used in some otic medications because it helps transport other agents in the medication deeper into the tissues.

DMSO

Which of these is a common adverse effect of antihistamines?

drowsiness

Cortisol is a natural, short-lived glucocorticoid. Chronic usage of glucocorticoids causes decreased hypothalmic-pituitary-adrenal gland function by disturbing natural glucocorticoid feedback mechanisms. To circumvent this disruption of feedback, a clinician decides to use the exogenous corticosteroid prednisone to decrease chronic inflammation in a dog. What is wrong with this rationale?

exogenous glucocorticoids also feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

This COX 1 sparing NSADI is available as a paste and is often used to treat horses for osteoarthritis.

firocoxib