Week 5 Anatomy 2025 sem 1

What is an action potential defined as?

Nerve signals that cause a sudden change the resting membrane potential

What are the three stages of an action potential?

Resting

Depolarisation

Repolarisation

What are arteries?

Vascular tubes that conduct oxygenated blood from the heart to the capillary beds

Arteries typically become progressively smaller and form into what?

Arterioles

Label the following dissection of an artery in order from green to blue

Tunica interna

Tunica media

Tunica externa

Words such as branch, diverge and fork are associated with what vascular structures? and why?

Arteries as they form smaller divisions in comparison to veins

Arteries typically have what wall structures in comparison to veins? What is the exemption?

Thicker walls with smaller diameters except for pulmonary veins

What are veins defined as?

Vascular tubes that conduct poorly oxygenated blood from the capillary beds to the heart

What do veins begin as before they form larger vessels?

Venules

Words such as join, merge or converge are used to describe what vascular structures? how come?

Veins as the form larger vessels

Label the following dissection of a vein purple green to blue in order

Tunica interma

Tunica media

Tunica extrerna

What artery is highlighted green?

Axillary artery

What artery is highlighted blue?

Subclavian artery

What artery is highlighted purple?

Vertebral artery

The arteries highlighted pink and yellow have stemmed off from which artery?

Common carotid artery

What is the artery highlighted pink?

Internal carotid artery

What is the artery highlighted pink?

Internal carotid artery

What are the steps of neurotransmission?

Synthesis

Release

Action

Reuptake

What are the two main classes of neurotransmitter?

Small and large molecule transmitter

What is cranial nerve I

Olfactory

What are the competes of cranial nerve I?

Special sensory olfaction

Where are the cell bodies of cranial nerve 1 located?

Olfactory epithelium

Where does cranial nerve I exit?

Foramina in cirbiform plate of ethmoid bone

What are the main actions of cranial nerve I?

Sense of smell, allowing the perception of odors and chemical stimuli in the environment

What is cranial nerve II?

Optic

What are the components of cranial nerve II?

Special sensory vision

Where are the cell bodies of cranial nerve II located?

Ganglion cells of retina

Where does cranial nerve II exit?

Optic canal

What is the main action of optic nerve II?

Transmits visual information from the retina to the brain

What is cranial nerve III?

Oculomotor

What are the components of the cranial nerve III?

Somatic

Visceral

Where are the cell bodies located in for the somatic component of cranial nerve III?

Midbrain

Where are the cell bodies located in for the visceral component of cranial nerve III?

Presynaptic in the midbrain (Edinger Westphal nucleus)

Postsynaptic in ciliary ganglion

Where does cranial nerve III exit from?

Superior orbital fissure

What is the main action of the somatic motor component of cranial nerve III?

Allows eye movement upward, downward, inward, and elevation of the upper eyelid.

What is the main innervation of the somatic motor component of cranial nerve III?

Innervates superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, and levator palpebrae superioris.

What is the main actions of the visceral motor components of the cranial nerve III?

Constricts pupil and accommodates lens

What is the main innervation of the visceral motor components of cranial nerve III?

Sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles

What is cranial nerve IV?

Trochlear

What are the comments in cranial nerve IV?

Somatic motor

Where are the cell bodies of cranial nerve IV located?

Midbrain

Where does cranial nerve IV escape?

Superior orbital fissure

What is the main action of cranial nerve IV?

Turning your eye inferolaterally

What is the main innervation of cranial nerve IV?

Superior oblique

What is cranial nerve V?

Trigeminal

What is cranial nerve V1?

Opthamalic

What is cranial nerve V2?

Maxillary

What is cranial nerve V3?

Mandibular

What are the components of cranial nerve V1-V2

Somatic sensory motor

What are the components of cranial nerve V3?

Somatic sensory motor

Somatic motor

Visceral motor

Where are the cell bodies of somatic sensory motor CN V1-V3 located?

Trigeminal ganglion synapse

Where does the somatic sensory motor component CN V1 exit?

Superior orbital fissure.

Where does somatic sensory motor component CN V2 exit?

Foramen roduntum

Where does CN V3 exit? (no its not competent specific)

Foramen ovale

Where are the cell bodies of the somatic motor comment of cranial nerve V3 located?

Pons

Where are the cell bodies of the visceral motor component of cranial nerve V3 located?

Hitch-hiking fibres of CN VII

What is the main action of somatic sensory motor components of CN V3?

Sensation of anterior two thirds of tongue and skin over mandible

What is the main action of somatic motor component of CN V3?

Motor innervation of muscles of mastication

What is the main action of visceral motor components of CN V3?

Submandibular and lacrimal gland

What is the main action of CN V1?

Sensation of forehead, upper eyelid, and nose

What is the main action of CN V2?

Sensation of the maxillary region, including cheeks, upper lip, and palate

What is cranial nerve VI?

Abducent

What is the comment of cranial nerve VI?

Somatic motor

Where are the cell bodies of CN VI located?

Pons

Where does cranial nerve VI exit from?

Superior orbital fissure

What is the main action of cranial nerve VI?

Motor innervation to lateral rectus to turn eye laterally

What is cranial nerve VII?

Facial

What are the components of CN VII?

Somatic motor

Special sensory

Somatic sensory

Visceral motor

Where are the cell bodies for the somatic motor component of cranial nerve VII located?

Pons

Where are the cell bodies of the special sensory component of cranial nerve VII located?

Geniculate ganglion synapse nuclei of solitary tract

Where are the cell bodies of the somatic sensory component of cranial nerve VII located?

Geniculate ganglion synapse sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve

Where are the cell bodies of the visceral motor component of cranial nerve VII located?

Presynaptic from pons

Postsynaptic from pterygopalatine ganglion and submandibular ganglion

Where does cranial nerve VIII exit?

Internal acoustic meatus, facial canal and stylomastiod foramen

What is the main action of the somatic motor component of CN VII?

Innervates muscles of facial expression

What is the main action of the special sensory component of CN VII?

Taste from anterior two thirds of tongue

What is the main action of the somatic sensory components of CN VII?

Sensation of skin of external acoustic meatus

What isn the main action of the visceral motor components of CN VII?

Innervation of salivary and lacrimal glands and nasal mucosa

What is CN VIII?

Vestibulocochlear nerve

What are the two categories of CN VIII?

Vestibular and cochlear divisions

What are the components of CN VIII?

Special sensory hearing and balance

Where is the location of cell bodies of CN VIII vestibular?

Vestibular ganglion synapse

Where is the location of the cell bodies of CN VIII cochlear?

Spiral ganglion synapse

Where does CN VIII exit?

Internal acoustic meatus

What’s the main action of CN VIII vestibular?

Transmit information about balance and spatial orientation from the inner ear to the brain.

What’s the main action of CN VIII cochlear?

Transmit auditory information from the cochlea to the brain.

What is CN IX?

Glassopharyngeal

What are the components of CN IX?

Somatic sensory

Special sensory (taste)

Somatic sensory

Visceral motor

Where is the somatic motor component cell bodies of CN IX located?

Medulla

Where is the special sensory component cell bodies of CN IX located?

Sensory ganglion (nuclei of solitary tract)

Where is the somatic sensory component cell bodies of CN IX located?

Sensory ganglion synapse

Where is the visceral motor component cell bodies of CN IX located?

Presynaptic at medulla

Post synaptic otic ganglion

Where does CN IX exit?

Jugular foramen

What is the main action of somatic motor CN IX?

To innervate the stylopharyngeus muscle, aiding in swallowing.

What is the main action of special sensory CN IX?

To provide taste sensation from the posterior one-third of the tongue.

What is the somatic sensory CN IX?

Sensory to external ear, pharynx and middle ear

What is the visceral motor CN IX?

Parasympathetic innervation to parotid gland

What is CN X?

Vagus

What are the components of CN X?

Somatic motor

Special sensory (taste)

Somatic sensory

Visceral motor

Visceral sensory

Where is the cell bodies for the somatic motor components of CN X located?

Medulla

Where is the cell bodies for the special sensory (taste) components of CN X located?

Sensory ganglion