Immune System and Hereditary - Week 2

How do DNA, Chromosomes and genes work?

DNA = chemical bluepri. → directs cell activity

Chromosomes = 1000’s of genes → read 4 syth. of partic. protein → typy. 46 chromo, 23 pairs → 44 (22 pairs) autosomes → 45 n 46 (23 pair) se x chromosomes → Male X and Y , Female X and X

Genome = set of your data (history, story, future)

Cells receive wrong # chromosomes during meiosis (in fertilit) = spontaneous abortion occurs

Examples of familial disease and what is it caused by?

• examples: epilepsy, allergies, cardiovascular problems→ caused by multifact. reasons (several genes working tog.) → may not b. inherited

What are the 2 types of genetic testing used for pregnant women?

• Amniocentesis (take uterus sample + test) → can cause spontan. Abortion

• Chronoic villi sample → if aminoce. Is unsure → more invasive = incre. Risk of spontan. Abortion

What is cancer? Define the causes + types.

Cancer is = Abnor. Mutation in DNA cells → multiply + invade → sympt: weight, fatigue, joint/muscle pain, night sweats

causes + types

Malignant: is cancer @ → increa. Growth = cell kill w. Chemo/radiation

Benign. Not cancer: → increa. Growth b. No spread → can become malignant

Stage 1: small + contain. → pea sized

Stage 2: slight increa. Than 1 → lymphoma involved kinda

Stage 3: larger, lymph + surrounding tissue involved

Stage 4: tumor spread 2 other organs (Mets) → considered terminal b. Livable

• can b caused by smoke, virus, horomo, inheri

What purpose does your immune system serve and how does it fight fevers? What are the types of immunity?

Immune system attacks organisms/substances invading syst & causing disease. → antigen = foreign substance ‘non-self’

Specific imm. = initial exposure = protect → aka adaptive → response quicker in future

Non- specifc imm. Aka. Innate = @ birth immunity → immediate short - term protect. → skin, cellular/chemi defence → prevent entry/spread causing microorganisms (pathogens)

Fevers is killed bc body temps increa & microbes cant multi @ high body temps → body produce more white blood cells → how you know body fighting fever

What is auto-immunity? Why are the elderly at increased risk of infection?

Auto immunity = body attacking ‘self’ vs ‘non self’ lupus, scleroderma, allergies → no known cause = no prevent. (Antibo. 2 own tissues).

Elderly incre risk bc. Thin skin, lots of drugs, thymus gets smaller → longer 4 macrophage 2 destroy bac → antibody produc decrease (vaccine = less effective)

How does the body respond to infec/tissue damage?

Inflammation = bodies response 2 infec/tissue damage → impo 4 muscle growth

What is hypersensitivity and how does it relate to allergies?

Allergy or hypersensitivty = extreme reaction to norm antigen i.e latex, mold, bees

Hypersensitivity (cytotoxic) → destro. cells → eg. incomp blood transfus → antigens/antibodies from mass trig inflamm. = tissue destru i.e post strep infec

Delayed hypersensi → take time 2 develop af exposure 2 antigen→ poison ivy, latex, tb skin → antihistamine no effect , use corticosteroids to treat ✅

Allergy - anaphylaxis = immediate hypersensiti → acute allergic response. + life threat. bc ⬇ in bp, narrowing airway, quick pulse → treat w epinephrine to release constrict bio vessels

Allergy - immediate = type 1 histamine receptor → dial. blood vessels = fluuid into edema ( itchy nose, swollen eyes) → require antihistamine (H1 blocker) decongestants i.e Benadryl, Claritin, Alavert

How can you test for allergies? How does it differ from diagnosing other types of infections/issues?

allergy test = small. amount allergy on skin treat allergy w/ meds (antihistim.) but prefer prevent. → allergy shots given (may/may not work) 2 desensitize

cancer diagnosis = biopsy → remove cell/tissue 2 dia. infec → 7 types NBS - EEPIC

Needle → thin need, cells only → aspiration of cells

Bone Marrow Biopsy & aspiration →blood cell factory test

Shave → surface layer sample (superfical)

Excisional → whole lesion removed, therap + diagnostic

Endoscope → in organ lining

Punch → circular skin sample

Incisional → cut part of lesion

Core Needle → tissue core

What are the treatments for cancer?

surgery, radiation (high-energy beams) chemo (drugs) , stem cells (using cell in bones 2 change/remove cells)

alt therapy: acupuncture, hypnosis, vitamin C by IV. massage

What is the purpose of the lymphatic system?

rid of toxin + waste → trans. n lymph )fluid w. white blood cells) 2 body → contain vessles connec/ 2 lymph node where its filtered → include ATTS =

Adenoids & Tonsils →Trap bac./virus via breathing → cant see adenoids

Thymus

Spleen → clean 🩸 remove microbe + damaged 🩸 → import 2. immu syst bc. make white blood cells

Hodjkin Lymphoma vs Non Hodjkin Lymphoma

reed strenberg cell = abnorm large cell w. multiple nucleus

presense of reed strenberg cell = hodjkin lymphoma → curable if caught early 92% (1 year), 86% (5 year)

no presense of reed strenberg cell = non - hodjkin lymphoma →70% (1 year), 60% (5 year)

abnorm. chromo. diseases?

Down syndrome → 21 inherited in triplicate (3 instead of 2) → charactersits: round face, protru tongue, short + short lifespan, mental impairment

DX = genetic screen

TX = testo/ therapy @ puberty,
counseling + fam support

What is and what causes communicable diseases? What are the outcomes?

pathogen → microbe cause illne/infe/disease

communicable disease → pathogens trans. from 🧑‍🦱 2 🧑‍🦱 via airborne, direct, indirect, transmi., vehicle

Outcomes →immune sys. destroys pathgenm→immune sys. does not destroy pathogen, pathogen doesnt develop = 🧑‍🦱 is carrier → infection deve. betwee. exposure 2 beginning of illness (incubates) 4 short (hours to days) or years pathogen develops →communicable phase = time when 🧑‍🦱 risks trans pathogens to others

What is Covid 19? How does it spread and what are the adverse effects?

Covid - 19 → airborne → highly contagious, 🧑‍🦱 2 🧑‍🦱 2m/6ft apart → sympt. up 2 14 days, presyptomatic: not yet devel. symp asymptomatic: never devel. symp

Adverse effects = Organ damage 2 heart, lungs (pnemonia), and brain (stroke, seize) →blood vessel/clot prob → mood and fatigue (depres. + anxiety)

What is Hepatitis A B and C ? How does it spread and what are the adverse effects?

Hepatitis → inflamm liver via bact/or infec from parasite in drugs, toxins, not matchin blood, contamin food, unsafe sex → some recover some become carriers →viral infec 1# occurs = acute hepatitis, last 1 to 2 months sympt: nausea, pain in abdomen, jaundice in 2 weeks, drowsiness → mild hepatitis resolves itself w. good nutri, prevent liver dam, prevent transmission → chronic hepatitis = longer than 6 months, liver cell replaced w/ scar tissues (cirrhosis)

Hep A = spread fecal-oral i.e contaim water, raw shellfish, raw veg/fruits → risk fac. crowded living, poor sanitation + hygienec → can carry 4 6 months b. lasts 4 1 to 2 weeks most recover

Hep B = HBV: Hep B virus → more infectious than HIV → spreadcontact via infec blood, body fluids → 95% recover in 6 months, 5% get chronic hep B b. treatable → sympt: fever, nausea, jaundice (yellow skin + eye), pain

Hep C = HCV: Hep C virus →spread bloodstream entry via infec blood, body fluids → most infec by unsafe sex, contamin 🩸 transfussion, drug sharing, contamin tools (tattooing) → not spread via breast milk, food or casual contact (kissing) → no vaccine

Define HSV?

Herpes Simplex Virus → an STI that can be trans without se x i.e skin. saliva, touch infec → symps: 3 day to 1 week. fever, tired, localized pain/burn → split int HSV 1 (oral herpes) above waist or HSV 2 below waist (genital herpes) → can go dormant or have outbreaks treat w. antiviral meds