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what is taxonomy?
The branch of classification that groups and names organisms bases on characteristics into a hierarchical system
Who was Aristotle?
He divided living things into two groups- plants and animals
Who was Carolus Linnaeus?
He developed a method for grouping organisms called Binomial Nomenclature
What are the rules of Bionomial Nomenclature?
The first word is the genus of the organism, the second word is the species of the organism. It is a two-word Latin naming system. The name is italicized when typed and underlined when written. The first letter of the first word is capitalized, the second word is all lowercase
What are the 8 major classification categories of organisms?
Domain
Kingdom
Phylium
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
What are the classification tools?
Ditchotmous Key
Cladogram
What is a Ditchotomous Key?
A scientific tool used to identify and categorize different organisms based on a series of choices that lead to the correct name or classification.
What is a cladogram?
A branching tree diagram that shows ancestral relationships amount organisms.
What are the 3 Domains?
Bacteria, Archea, Eukarya
What is Eubacteria? (True bateria)
-composed of prokaryotic cells
-Cell walls contain protein peptidoglycan therefore differs from archea
What is Archea
-organisms that live in extreme environments
-composed of prokaryotic cells
-RNA contains distinct sequences, therefore differs from bacteria
What os eukarya?
-made of eukaryotic cells
-further broken down into 4 kingdoms, (Protista,Plantae,Fungi,Animalia)
What are the 3 categories of the domain eukarya?
Protozoa
Algae
Slime molds
Characteristics of kingdom Protista?
Most are single-celled
Most are microscopic but some can form into groups or colonies that can be seen.
Very hard to classify because they have so many different characteristics
Characteristics of Protozoa
Animal like- can move by pseudopodia, flagella, or cilia
Heterotrophs
Digestion occurs in the vacuoles
Will actively seek out bacteria, other protists and detritus
Characteristics of algae
Plant-like
Autotrophs with chlorophyll
Produce 50% of all photosynthetically produced materials on earth
Characteristics of slime molds
Heterotrophs
They form large colonies
Life cycle has two phases
What are the two life phases of slime molds
A mobile feeding stage
Stationary reproductive stage
Characteristics of kingdom fungi
Multicellular
Non-motile → no roots, but has hyphae to hold themselves in place
Heterotrophic
Cannot ingest food, but secrete enzymes that digest complex molecules outside their body that are later absorbed
Cells within a cell wall made of chitin
Characteristics of kingdom plantae
Multicellular
Non-motile → roots hold themselves in place
Autotrophic
Cells within a cell wall made of cellulose
Characteristics of kingdom animalia
The members in this kingdom vary greatly in their appearance
Multicellular
Motile during some of its life span
Heterotrphic
Cells with no cell wall
Asymmetrical ex and definition
Cannot be divided into equal halves. Ex) sea sponge
Spherical symmetry ex and definition
Can be divided into equal halves by a plane passing through a central POINT. Ex) helozia
Radial symmetry ex and definition
Can be divided into equal halves by a plane passing through a plane passing through a central AXIS. Ex) starfish
Bilateral symmetry definition and ex
Can be divided into equal halves by a plane passing through a specific PLANE. Ex) lobster
What parts will an organism with bilateral symmetry have?
Anterior (head)
Posterior (tail, feet)
Ventral (underside)
Dorsal (back)
What are the 9 phyla of kingdom animalia?
Phylum porifera (sponges)
Phylum Cnidaria (jellyfish, sea anemones, corals)
Phylum platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Phylum nematoda (roundworms)
Phylum mollusca (snails, clams, squids)
Phylum annelida (segmented worms- earthworms and leeches)
Phylum Arthropoda (spiders, crayfish, insects)
Echinodermata (starfish, sea urchin)
Phylum chordata*
What are the four basic body characteristics of phylum chordata
Notochord
Dorsal nerve chord
Gill slits
Post- anal tail
All have bilateral symmetry
Describe a notochord
A flexible, supportive rod running the length of the dorsal side→ replaced by a “backbone” in most adults
Describe a dorsal nerve chord
In adults it forms the brain and spinal chord
Describe gill slits
All have at some point in their development → embryo to adult
Openings in the pharynx that develop into gill arches in fish, or the jaw and inner ear in terrestrial animals
Describe the post-anal tail
All have at some point in their development → embryo to adult
A skeletal extension at the posterior and of the body
What are the three sub-phyla
Urochordata
Cephaochordata
Vertebrata*
How many classes are in subphylum vertebrate, and how many species
7 classes, 42700 species
What is the skeletal system in vertebrate made of?
-endoskeleton made of cartilage or calcium bone
-all of their skeletons are similar and are made up of 2 parts →axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
What does the axial skeleton do?
Skull protects the brain
Vertebrae protects the spinal chord
Rib cage protects the organs
What is the appendicular skeleton
2 pairs of limbs → anterior limbs attached to the pectoral girdle, posterior limbs attached to the pelvic girdle
What is the circulatory system like in vertebrae
Closed
Ventral heart with specialized chambers for pumping blood
What is the nervous system like in vertebrae
Brain and a highly developed nervous system
Different organisms have different senses that are more developed depending on their lifestyle
What is the name of the jawless fish
Agnatha
What is the name of the cartilage fish
Chondrichthyes
What is the name of the bony fish
Osteichthyes
What is the name of the amphibians
Amphibia
What is the name of the reptiles
Reptilia
What is the name of the birds
Aves
What is the name of the mammals
Mammalia
What were the first vertebrates to appear on earth and how long ago did they appear
Fish, 520 million years ago
What is the nervous system like in fish
Highly developed sensory system, which includes the lateral line
What is a lateral line
A series of pores running along the side of the fish that detect movement/vibrations in the water
What is the respiratory system like in fish
They use gills for as exchange → water passes over the gills and nutrients and wastes are exchanged
What is the circulatory system like in fish
2 chambered heart
Artrium→ventricle→gills→oxygen→organs of head and body
Blood pressure must be perfect to ensure circulation
Are fish ectothermic or endothermic?
Ectothermic- cold-blooded (rely on external environment to regulate body temperature)
What are the 3 classes of fish?
Jawless- Agnatha
Bony- osteichthyes
Cartilage- chondrichthyes
Jawless fish (when did they appear, where did they evolve from, ex)
520 million years ago, evolved from the ostracodern, ex) lamprey
Describe the general structure of class Agnatha
Minimal skeleton→ a few cartilage plates in their skulls
No scales→ covered in a soft leathery skin
No jaw→ round sucking mouth with teeth made of protein and calcium to grate scales and skin from fish to suck their blood
Do not have paired fins→ branched off before fins evolved, very poor swimmers so they attached themselves to prey
Respiratory system in class Agnatha
Gill openings instead of gill slits→ due to parasitic feeding
Reproductive system in class Agnatha
Fertilize externally
Male places sperm over eggs
Hatch on their own
Nervous system in class Agnatha
Single nasal opening to smell
Chondrichthyes example
Great white shark, sea ray
Chondrichthyes nervous system
Lateral line sense of smell
Electroreceptors
Chondrichthyes respiratory system
Buccal pumping, RAM ventilation
Chondrichthyes circulatory system
2 chambers, ectothermic
Chondrichthyes reproductive system
Internal fertilization 70% eggs inside female body→ give birth to live young
30% lay eggs in water
General structure of chondrichthyes
Entirely made of cartilage→ half the density of calcium bone
Fatty liver- buoyant in water
Sandpaper like skin
Jaws
Calcium teeth in rows, periodically shed
Evolution date of Chondrichthyes
450 million years from placoderns
Examples of osteichthyes
Jack fish, goldfish, perch
osteichthyes Nervous system
Lateral line smell
osteichthyes Respiratory system
Pumps water over gills, no moving
osteichthyes circulatory system
2 chambers, ectothermic
osteichthyes Reproductive system
External fertilization, soft eggs no care for young
osteichthyes General structure
Calcium bone
Calcium teeth
Scales that overlap
Swim bladder
osteichthyes Evolution date
410 million years ago from placoderns
Amphibia examples
Frog, salamander
Amphibia nervous system
Good vision
Good hearing
Tympanic membrane
Amphibia respiratory system
Gills (water)
Lungs, skin (land)
Amphibia circulatory system
3 chamber, ectothermic
Amphibia reproductive system
External fertilization, soft eggs no care for young
Amphibia general structure
Calcium bone
Moist skin
Amphibia evolution date and common ancestor
330 million years, ancient fish
Reptilia examples
Lizard, turtle, snake
Reptilia nervous system
Good smell and taste
Tongue collects chemicals
Tastes and smells using jacobsons organ in root of mouth
Reptilia respiratory system
Lungs
Reptilia circulatory system
3 ½ chambers, endothermic
Reptilia reproductive system
Internal fertilization
Hard amniotic eggs, no care for young
General structure of Reptilia
Calcium bone
Dry scales
Evolution date and ancestor of Reptilia
300 million years, ancient amphibian
Aves examples
Owl hawk eagle
Aves nervous system
Good hearing
None/poor smell
Aves respiratory system
Lungs
Air sacs
Aves circulatory system
4chambers endothermic
Aves reproductive system
Internal fertilization, hard eggs,, care for young
Aves general structure
Calcium bone
Feathers
No teeth
Evolution date and common ancestors of aves
150 million years, crocodile-like reptiles
Mammalian examples
Human, dog, cat
Mammillia nervous system
Largest brain
Cerebrum well-developed for learning thinking and passing on knowledge
Mammilia respiratory system
Lungs
Diaphragm
Mammilia circulatory system
4 chambers
Endothermic
Reprductive system of mammals
Internal fertilization→ care for young
Monotremes, marsupials, placental
General structure of mammals
Hairy
Mammary glands
Evolution date and common ancestor of mammals
240 million years ago, ancient reptile
