Biodiversity of life on earth

what is taxonomy?

The branch of classification that groups and names organisms bases on characteristics into a hierarchical system

Who was Aristotle?

He divided living things into two groups- plants and animals

Who was Carolus Linnaeus?

He developed a method for grouping organisms called Binomial Nomenclature

What are the rules of Bionomial Nomenclature?

The first word is the genus of the organism, the second word is the species of the organism. It is a two-word Latin naming system. The name is italicized when typed and underlined when written. The first letter of the first word is capitalized, the second word is all lowercase

What are the 8 major classification categories of organisms?

1. Domain

2. Kingdom

3. Phylium

4. Class

5. Order

6. Family

7. Genus

8. Species

What are the classification tools?

1. Ditchotmous Key

2. Cladogram

What is a Ditchotomous Key?

A scientific tool used to identify and categorize different organisms based on a series of choices that lead to the correct name or classification.

What is a cladogram?

A branching tree diagram that shows ancestral relationships amount organisms.

What are the 3 Domains?

Bacteria, Archea, Eukarya

What is Eubacteria? (True bateria)

-composed of prokaryotic cells

-Cell walls contain protein peptidoglycan therefore differs from archea

What is Archea

-organisms that live in extreme environments

-composed of prokaryotic cells

-RNA contains distinct sequences, therefore differs from bacteria

What os eukarya?

-made of eukaryotic cells

-further broken down into 4 kingdoms, (Protista,Plantae,Fungi,Animalia)

What are the 3 categories of the domain eukarya?

1. Protozoa

2. Algae

3. Slime molds

Characteristics of kingdom Protista?

1. Most are single-celled

2. Most are microscopic but some can form into groups or colonies that can be seen.

3. Very hard to classify because they have so many different characteristics

Characteristics of Protozoa

1. Animal like- can move by pseudopodia, flagella, or cilia

2. Heterotrophs

3. Digestion occurs in the vacuoles

4. Will actively seek out bacteria, other protists and detritus

Characteristics of algae

1. Plant-like

2. Autotrophs with chlorophyll

3. Produce 50% of all photosynthetically produced materials on earth

Characteristics of slime molds

1. Heterotrophs

2. They form large colonies

3. Life cycle has two phases

What are the two life phases of slime molds

1. A mobile feeding stage

2. Stationary reproductive stage

Characteristics of kingdom fungi

1. Multicellular

2. Non-motile → no roots, but has hyphae to hold themselves in place

3. Heterotrophic

4. Cannot ingest food, but secrete enzymes that digest complex molecules outside their body that are later absorbed

5. Cells within a cell wall made of chitin

Characteristics of kingdom plantae

1. Multicellular

2. Non-motile → roots hold themselves in place

3. Autotrophic

4. Cells within a cell wall made of cellulose

Characteristics of kingdom animalia

1. The members in this kingdom vary greatly in their appearance

2. Multicellular

3. Motile during some of its life span

4. Heterotrphic

5. Cells with no cell wall

Asymmetrical ex and definition

Cannot be divided into equal halves. Ex) sea sponge

Spherical symmetry ex and definition

Can be divided into equal halves by a plane passing through a central POINT. Ex) helozia

Radial symmetry ex and definition

Can be divided into equal halves by a plane passing through a plane passing through a central AXIS. Ex) starfish

Bilateral symmetry definition and ex

Can be divided into equal halves by a plane passing through a specific PLANE. Ex) lobster

What parts will an organism with bilateral symmetry have?

1. Anterior (head)

2. Posterior (tail, feet)

3. Ventral (underside)

4. Dorsal (back)

What are the 9 phyla of kingdom animalia?

1. Phylum porifera (sponges)

2. Phylum Cnidaria (jellyfish, sea anemones, corals)

3. Phylum platyhelminthes (flatworms)

4. Phylum nematoda (roundworms)

5. Phylum mollusca (snails, clams, squids)

6. Phylum annelida (segmented worms- earthworms and leeches)

7. Phylum Arthropoda (spiders, crayfish, insects)

8. Echinodermata (starfish, sea urchin)

9. Phylum chordata*

What are the four basic body characteristics of phylum chordata

1. Notochord

2. Dorsal nerve chord

3. Gill slits

4. Post- anal tail

5. All have bilateral symmetry

Describe a notochord

A flexible, supportive rod running the length of the dorsal side→ replaced by a “backbone” in most adults

Describe a dorsal nerve chord

In adults it forms the brain and spinal chord

Describe gill slits

All have at some point in their development → embryo to adult

Openings in the pharynx that develop into gill arches in fish, or the jaw and inner ear in terrestrial animals

Describe the post-anal tail

All have at some point in their development → embryo to adult

A skeletal extension at the posterior and of the body

What are the three sub-phyla

Urochordata

Cephaochordata

Vertebrata*

How many classes are in subphylum vertebrate, and how many species

7 classes, 42700 species

What is the skeletal system in vertebrate made of?

-endoskeleton made of cartilage or calcium bone

-all of their skeletons are similar and are made up of 2 parts →axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

What does the axial skeleton do?

Skull protects the brain

Vertebrae protects the spinal chord

Rib cage protects the organs

What is the appendicular skeleton

2 pairs of limbs → anterior limbs attached to the pectoral girdle, posterior limbs attached to the pelvic girdle

What is the circulatory system like in vertebrae

Closed

Ventral heart with specialized chambers for pumping blood

What is the nervous system like in vertebrae

Brain and a highly developed nervous system

Different organisms have different senses that are more developed depending on their lifestyle

What is the name of the jawless fish

Agnatha

What is the name of the cartilage fish

Chondrichthyes

What is the name of the bony fish

Osteichthyes

What is the name of the amphibians

Amphibia

What is the name of the reptiles

Reptilia

What is the name of the birds

Aves

What is the name of the mammals

Mammalia

What were the first vertebrates to appear on earth and how long ago did they appear

Fish, 520 million years ago

What is the nervous system like in fish

Highly developed sensory system, which includes the lateral line

What is a lateral line

A series of pores running along the side of the fish that detect movement/vibrations in the water

What is the respiratory system like in fish

They use gills for as exchange → water passes over the gills and nutrients and wastes are exchanged

What is the circulatory system like in fish

2 chambered heart

Artrium→ventricle→gills→oxygen→organs of head and body

Blood pressure must be perfect to ensure circulation

Are fish ectothermic or endothermic?

Ectothermic- cold-blooded (rely on external environment to regulate body temperature)

What are the 3 classes of fish?

Jawless- Agnatha

Bony- osteichthyes

Cartilage- chondrichthyes

Jawless fish (when did they appear, where did they evolve from, ex)

520 million years ago, evolved from the ostracodern, ex) lamprey

Describe the general structure of class Agnatha

Minimal skeleton→ a few cartilage plates in their skulls

No scales→ covered in a soft leathery skin

No jaw→ round sucking mouth with teeth made of protein and calcium to grate scales and skin from fish to suck their blood

Do not have paired fins→ branched off before fins evolved, very poor swimmers so they attached themselves to prey

Respiratory system in class Agnatha

Gill openings instead of gill slits→ due to parasitic feeding

Reproductive system in class Agnatha

Fertilize externally

Male places sperm over eggs

Hatch on their own

Nervous system in class Agnatha

Single nasal opening to smell

Chondrichthyes example

Great white shark, sea ray

Chondrichthyes nervous system

Lateral line sense of smell

Electroreceptors

Chondrichthyes respiratory system

Buccal pumping, RAM ventilation

Chondrichthyes circulatory system

2 chambers, ectothermic

Chondrichthyes reproductive system

Internal fertilization 70% eggs inside female body→ give birth to live young

30% lay eggs in water

General structure of chondrichthyes

Entirely made of cartilage→ half the density of calcium bone

Fatty liver- buoyant in water

Sandpaper like skin

Jaws

Calcium teeth in rows, periodically shed

Evolution date of Chondrichthyes

450 million years from placoderns

Examples of osteichthyes

Jack fish, goldfish, perch

osteichthyes Nervous system

Lateral line smell

osteichthyes Respiratory system

Pumps water over gills, no moving

osteichthyes circulatory system

2 chambers, ectothermic

osteichthyes Reproductive system

External fertilization, soft eggs no care for young

osteichthyes General structure

Calcium bone

Calcium teeth

Scales that overlap

Swim bladder

osteichthyes Evolution date

410 million years ago from placoderns

Amphibia examples

Frog, salamander

Amphibia nervous system

Good vision

Good hearing

Tympanic membrane

Amphibia respiratory system

Gills (water)

Lungs, skin (land)

Amphibia circulatory system

3 chamber, ectothermic

Amphibia reproductive system

External fertilization, soft eggs no care for young

Amphibia general structure

Calcium bone

Moist skin

Amphibia evolution date and common ancestor

330 million years, ancient fish

Reptilia examples

Lizard, turtle, snake

Reptilia nervous system

Good smell and taste

Tongue collects chemicals

Tastes and smells using jacobsons organ in root of mouth

Reptilia respiratory system

Lungs

Reptilia circulatory system

3 ½ chambers, endothermic

Reptilia reproductive system

Internal fertilization

Hard amniotic eggs, no care for young

General structure of Reptilia

Calcium bone

Dry scales

Evolution date and ancestor of Reptilia

300 million years, ancient amphibian

Aves examples

Owl hawk eagle

Aves nervous system

Good hearing

None/poor smell

Aves respiratory system

Lungs

Air sacs

Aves circulatory system

4chambers endothermic

Aves reproductive system

Internal fertilization, hard eggs,, care for young

Aves general structure

Calcium bone

Feathers

No teeth

Evolution date and common ancestors of aves

150 million years, crocodile-like reptiles

Mammalian examples

Human, dog, cat

Mammillia nervous system

Largest brain

Cerebrum well-developed for learning thinking and passing on knowledge

Mammilia respiratory system

Lungs

Diaphragm

Mammilia circulatory system

4 chambers

Endothermic

Reprductive system of mammals

Internal fertilization→ care for young

Monotremes, marsupials, placental

General structure of mammals

Hairy

Mammary glands

Evolution date and common ancestor of mammals

240 million years ago, ancient reptile