PLACES - TOPIC 4 - A LEVEL GEOGRAPHY

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94 Terms

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Area based incentives

are policy initiatives aimed at tightly defined geographical areas, and provide a package of support aimed at improving economic, social or environmental outcomes within the zone.

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Attachment to place

is the emotional bond between person and place, and is a main concept in environmental psychology

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Baseline data

is a measurement that is collected prior to intervention or teaching starting. It can be collected through various measures including: percent accuracy, frequency, duration, rate and intervals.

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Benefit-cost ratio

is a ratio used in a cost-benefit analysis to summarise the overall relationship between the relative costs and benefits of a proposed project.

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Catalyst

a substance that enables a chemical reaction to proceed at a usually faster rate or under different conditions (as at a lower temperature) than otherwise possible

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Characteristics

the study of the natural features of the earth's surface, including topography, climate, soil, vegetation, etc., and man's response to them

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Cold spots

an area where house prices are stable and properties are slow to sell.

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community groups

groups in a community, like children's sports teams, arts organizations, or book groups

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Commuter villages

place where people live and travel elsewhere for work.

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Concept mapping

Concept maps are a way to help students make sense of complexity and marshal their ideas.

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Conflict matrix

a conflict matrix is when different activities along the coastline or in a particular area can come into conflict with each other and cause problems

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Connections

Relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space.

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Deindustrialisation

means a decline in the importance of industrial activity for a place

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Demographic changes

This is the change in the total population of a country because of births and deaths

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Demographic structure

means the 'make up' or composition of a population

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Depopulation

refers to a process in which the population density of an area decreases steadily over time

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Deprivation

The degree to which an individual or an area is deprived of services and amenities.

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Deregulation of capital markets

involves removing government legislation and laws in a particular market. Deregulation often refers to removing barriers to competition.

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Economic Activity

The amount a country sells and makes

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Economic inequality

A state in which some people obtain all the economic, environmental and social wealth while the majority have little.

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Egan wheel

suggests that sustainable communities must meet 'the diverse needs of existing and future residents, their children and other users'

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Election turnout

voter turnout is the percentage of eligible voters who participated in an election (often defined as those who cast a ballot)

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Environmental inequality

the way in which the quality of the environment differs between different communities

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European Development Funding (ERDF)

is a fund allocated by the European Union. Its purpose is to transfer money from richer regions (not countries), and invest it in the infrastructure and services of underdeveloped regions.

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Exclusion

to the ways through which some social groups are signaled as being unwelcome in urban and rural spaces.

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Filtering process

a process by which social groups move from one residential area to another, leading to changes in the social nature of residential areas.

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Flagship regeneration projects

"significant, high-profile and prestigious land and property. developments which play an influential and catalytic. role in urban regeneration"

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Force field analysis

a map of a change situation where there are forces driving for change and there are forces restraining change.

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Fracking

is a drilling method used to extract petroleum (oil) or natural gas from deep in the Earth. In the fracking process, cracks in and below the Earth's surface are opened and widened by injecting water, chemicals, and sand at high pressure.

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Function

of an area is its reason, job or purpose for being. In urban areas this relates to the purpose of a land use for residential areas, recreation, industry etc.

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Futures

a form of effective governance, as a basis for increased resilience, and as a precondition for improved experiences of the urban habitat. - growth

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Gated communities

are wealthy residential areas that are fenced off and have security gates and entry systems.

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Gentrification

describes a process where wealthy, college-educated individuals begin to move into poor or working-class communities

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Geographical Information Systems (GIS)

is a computer system that analyzes and displays geographically referenced information

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Glasgow effect

refers to the lower life expectancy of residents of Glasgow compared to the rest of the United Kingdom and Europe

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Gross value added

is the value generated by any unit engaged in the production of goods and services

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High Speed Two (HS2):

is a planned high-speed railway line in the United Kingdom between London and Wigan.

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Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)

is a relative measure of deprivation. This means it can tell you if one area is more deprived than another but not by how much.

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Indicators of success

Regenerated areas should show signs of improved economic performance and quality of life is regeneration has been successful. A key indicator of success is population change. Demographic growth indicates that areas are popular and people are moving in.

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Inequality

refers to the idea that different people experience different standards of living.

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Infrastructure

is the stuff that makes a country work. It is the basic equipment and structures (such as roads and bridges) that are needed for a country, region, or organisation to function properly.

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Intergenerational

occurring between or involving people of different age groups.

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Legacy

The idea that a major project or event will leave behind a footprint and have a positive impact on the local community, economy and environment.

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Levels of engagement

There are wide variations in levels of engagement in local communities (local and national election turnout, development and support for community groups.)

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Life expectancy

the average number of years a person born in a particular country might be expected to live.

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Lived experience

The actual experience of living in a particular place or environment

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Local Enterprise Partnership (LEP)

is a locally-owned partnership between local authorities and businesses

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Location quotient

is an analytical statistic that measures a region's industrial specialisation relative to a larger geographic unit (usually the nation)

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Lower layer super output areas (LSOAs)

is a GEOGRAPHIC AREA. Lower Layer Super Output Areas (LSOA) are a geographic hierarchy designed to improve the reporting of small area statistics in England and Wales

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Marginalisation

both a process, and a condition, that prevents individuals or groups from full participation in social, economic and political life

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Mayoral cities

The mayor of a town or city is the person who has been elected to represent it for a fixed period of time or, in some places, to run its government.

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Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs

is any non-profit, voluntary citizens' group which is organized on a local, national or international level.

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North- South and urban divide

is a term used to describe the social, economic and cultural disparities between the London and the south-east of England and the rest of the UK.

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Northern powerhouse

is the government's vision for a super-connected, globally-competitive northern economy with a flourishing private sector

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Not In My Back Yard (NIMBY) groups

refers to the protectionist attitudes of and oppositional. tactics adopted by community groups facing an unwelcome development in their neighbourhood

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Perceptions

are the basis for understanding a place's location, extent, characteristics, and significance.

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Place

place is a location. The word is used to describe a specific location, such as the place on a shelf, a physical environment, a building or locality of special significance, or a particular region or location. The term can be used for locations at almost any geographic scale, depending on context.

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Place representations

are attempting to communicate something specific about a place or to challenge our view of a place.

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Players

The key players in a particular organisation, event, or situation are the most important people or things involved in it.

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Postcode lottery

Postcode lotteries in health refer to variations in health care between different geographical areas that appear arbitrary and un-linked to health need.

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Poverty

"Poverty is defined relative to the standards of living in a society at a specific time. People live in poverty when they are denied an income sufficient for their material needs and when these circumstances exclude them from taking part in activities which are an accepted part of daily life in that society."

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Primary

Primary activities involve taking raw materials directly from the ground, they remain unaltered. Activities include farming, fishing, mining and logging.

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Processes

A sequence of actions, natural and/or cultural, that shape and change environments, places and societies. Some examples of geographic processes include erosion, migration, desertification and globalisation.

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Pump priming

means using money from national and local governments to make an area more attractive to investors by improving derelict sites, transport, power and water supply, so that private companies can choose to invest.

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Quality of life lines

is defined by the World Health Organisation as "an individual's perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns"

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Quinary

The highest levels of decision making in an economy

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Rebranding

Rebranding involves re-imaging places using a variety of media to improve the image of both urban and rural locations and make them more attractive for potential investors. Regeneration usually involves rebranding - changing the perceived image of a place to outsiders, as well as physically regenerating an area.

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Regeneration

long term upgrading of existing places for urban, rural, industrial and commercial areas.

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Regeneration strategies

the investment of public money to encourage and direct private finance into a particular area

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Re-imaging

is the process which dissociates place from previous bad images, usually achieved through advertising campaigns.

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Reinventor cities

occupy Quadrant C, in the top right corner. These are the cities that have successfully shifted from industrial to post-industrial economies.

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Replicator cities

cities which have higher share of workers with low qualifications and a working age population claiming benefits.

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Residential sorting

is the act of matching people's attributes to those of place makeups

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Retail -led plans

tourism, leisure and sport (London Olympics 2012), public/private rural diversification

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Rural - urban continuum

is the term used by sociologists to describe these linkages between urban and rural areas whereby no sharp differences can be said to exist in the quantity or degree of the difference between these interlinked rural and urban areas

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Rural proofing

is a commitment by government to review and examine all public. policy to ensure it does not disadvantage rural areas.

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Rust belt

refers to the geographic region from New York through the Midwest that was once dominated by manufacturing.

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Secondary sector

are those that take the raw materials produced by the primary sector and process them into manufactured goods and products.

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Service inequality

equality in geography refers to the idea that different people experience different standards of living.

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Sink estate

are council housing estates that are the least desirable to live in and have the shortest waiting lists for housing.

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Social inequality

is the extent to which there are differences between groups in society.

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Social polarisation

is associated with the segregation within a society that may emerge from income inequality, real-estate fluctuations, economic displacements etc. and result in such differentiation that would consist of various social groups, from high-income to low-income.

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Social progress

is defined as the capacity of a society to meet the basic human needs of its citizens, establish the building blocks that allow citizens and communities to enhance and sustain the quality of their lives, and create the conditions for all individuals to reach their full potential.

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Social segregation

exists whenever the proportions of population rates of two or more populations are not homogenous throughout a defined space

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Spatial inequality

is the unequal distribution of resources and services across different areas or locations

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Spiral of decline / De- multiplier effect

occurs when a sectoral change occurs in a region (this could be deindustrialisation in an urban area, leading to closure of factories and unemployment) or a decline in the primary sector in a rural area, again creating unemployment.

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Stakeholders

"any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organisation's objectives".

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STEM

science, technology, engineering and maths

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Student conflicts

studies the distribution of conflicting interests over space.

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Studentification

is the process by which specific neighbourhoods become dominated by student residential occupation.

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Success

High rates of employment. Inward migration(internal and international) Low levels of deprivation.

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Sustainability

is the practice of using natural resources responsibly

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Tertiary

involves the selling of services and skills

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The intergenerational cycle

Differences across a places at a range of scales - eg neighbourhood, city, region, countries. Intergenerational Cycle. Poor health and educational achievement may be intergenerational