CMD 273 midterm

Why is segmenting words into syllables important?

syllables are the “building blocks of words”

\-some clients demonstrate patterns of syllable deletion, or the deletion of a weak syllable in a word

\-the use of syllable-based rhythm can be effective clinical strategy for a range of clients

Why is identifying the stressed syllable in a word important?

\-English is a stressed-timed language

\-differences in stressed syllables may distinguish word meanings and parts of speech

why is segmenting words into individual sounds important?

\
When working with a child you can see the individual sounds they are struggling with, segmenting is a strategy that helps develop students' phonemic awareness

Iternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

a system for transcribing speech according to the sounds used in speaking words rather than according to the way they are spelt

Morpheme

the smallest element of language that carries meaning

morphology

branch of linguistics that studies morphemes

bound morpheme

must be attached to a free morpheme

free morpheme

can occur alone (word stem)

suffix

morpheme added to the end of a word

EX: cars, friendly

prefix

Morphemes added to the beginning of a word

Ex: unable, retake

articulatory phonetics

how speech sounds are formed (anatomical structures involved in the production of speech sounds)

acoustic phonetics

The acoustic properties of sound waves produced by articulatory \[frequency, amplitude (intensity), time\]

auditory phonetics

how sounds are perceived through the ear (physiological process involves in the reception of speech)

clinical phonetics

application of phonetics in the clinic (assessment and treatment of articulatory disorders)

\-deals with errors or abnormalities in the production of speech sounds

phonemes

a speech sound segment that distinguishes minimal units of meaning in spoken language

minimal contrast/ minimal pair

a pair of words differing only by one phoneme in the same position in each word; evidence for the existence of a phonemic contrast between the two sounds

ex: loot/ route

grapheme

In written language, the sequences of discrete units are written letters

orthography

the conventional spelling system of a language

dialects

language variations that are rule-governed and systematic

Ex: southern dialect

idiolect

an individual's unique variety and/or use of language, from the level of the phoneme to the level of discourse

accents (regional vs social)

sound differences

\-dialect is big, accent is small (accent is within a dialect)

phonation

the production or utterance of speech sounds

voicing

the vibration of the vocal folds during production of the speech sound

respiratory system

breathing

laryngeal (phonatory system)

vibration of the vocal folds

supralaryngeal (articulatory) system

supra means above, articulation

vowel

produced by a vocal tract that is relatively open

\-all are voiced

consonant

produced by a vocal tract that is relatively closed

\-airflow is impeded

\-can be voiced or unvoiced

\-can be continuous or not continuous

diphthong

a vowel-like sound that involves a gradual transition from one vowel articulation to another

\-ideally, there is a straight or curved line over the two vowels in a diphthong pair

monophthong

a pure vowel

\-a vowel having a single, unchanging sound quality

\-represented in the IPA as a single symbol

hard palate

fixed (stationary) articulator

\-r, j, sh sound

alveolar ridge

fixed (stationary) articulator

\-behind teeth

\-I, d, s, z, t, n

teeth

fixed (stationary) articulator

\-in mouth

tongue tip

the forwardmost portion of the tongue, visible upon protrusion of the tongue from the mouth. The tip of the tongue is used to produce a large number of sounds, including the *th* consonant in *though* and the *t* consonant in *two.*

tongue blade

the portion of the tongue that is located behind the tip and in front of the dorsum. The blade is the part of the tongue used to produce the *sh* consonant in *she*.

tongue body

the mass or bulk of the tongue.

tongue root

the part of the tongue that extends downward from the dorsum of the tongue to the epiglottis and larynx.

tongue height

relative vertical position of the tongue body within the vowel space

\-high- low dimension

high, mid-high, mid, mid-low and low

tongue advancement

relative horizontal position of the tongue body within the vowel space

\-front- back dimension

front, central, and back

velum (soft palate)

fixed (mobile) articulator

\-k, g, ing

mandible

Mobile (moving) articulators

lowers/ raises to change size/shape of the oral cavity

lips

mobile (moving) articulators

glottis

mobile (moving) articulators

space between the vocal folds

nasal cavity

fixed (stationary) articulators

uvula

mobile (moving) articulators

\-no sounds

epiglottis

no sounds

\-a flap of __cartilage__ at the root of the tongue, which is depressed during __swallowing__ to cover the opening of the __windpipe__.

nasopharynx

\-nose

\-connects with the nasal cavity above the soft palate

oropharynx

\-even with the mouth

The part of the throat at the back of the mouth behind the oral cavity

laryngopharynx

\
the hyoid bone down to the lower margin of the larynx

esophagus

the part of the __alimentary__ canal that connects the throat to the stomach

trachea

a cartilaginous tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs

larynx

\-9 cartilages (three in pairs), 1 bone and 5 muscle groups

the hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the __lungs__ and holding the vocal __cords__ in humans and other __mammals__

Onset

Consonant or set of consonants before the nucleus

Rhyme

Nucleus + coda

Coda

Consonant or set of consonants after the nucleus

Nucleus

Some kind of sonorous component produced with an open vocal tract (I.e., vowel sound)