College Biology Chapters 28, 12, 13

Protist

Eukaryotes that are neither plants, animals, nor fungi

Genome

Total amount of DNA an organism has

Somatic Cells

Any cell that is not sperm or egg (gametes)

Sister chromatids

When the chromosomes are replicated, each duplicated chromosome consists of these

G0 phase

Non dividing, muscle and nervous

Centromere

How sister chromatids are attached

Autosomes

Non sex chromosomes

Gametes

Sperm and egg cells

Replicate

Makes exact copy of DNA

Mitosis

Division of the cells nucleus

Cytokinesis

Following mitosis, the division of the cells cytoplasm

Interphase

90% of the cell cycle

G1 Phase

Cell growing while carrying out cell function

S Phase

Cell continues carrying out information while duplicating its chromosomes

G2 Phase

The gap after the chromosomes have been duplicated and just before mitosis

Cancer

Cell goes through mitosis when not supposed to

Spindle

Pull and push the chromosomes where they need to be

Binary fission

Process prokaryotes (bacteria) go through for cell division

Cell cycle control system

Moves the cell through its stages by a series of checkpoints

Kinases

Protein enzymes that control the cell cycle, exist in cell at all times

Cyclin

Activate kinases

Density-dependent inhibition

The process in which crowded cells stop dividing

Tumor

Mass of abnormal cells

Benign

Not harmful, does not affect anything

Malignant

Becomes invasive enough to impair the functions of one or more organs

Metastasis

The spread of cancer

Oncology

Study of cancer

Gene

Segments of DNA

Genome

Entire set of DNA instructions

Asexual reproduction

A single parent is the sole parent and passes copies of all its genes to its offspring

Sexual reproduction

Two individuals (parents) contributes genes to the offspring

Karyotype

A picture of an organisms complete set of chromosomes

Homologous chromosomes

Both chromosomes of each pair carry genes that control the same inherited characteristics

Fertilization

The combination of a sperm and egg cell

Zygote

Fertilized egg

Meiosis

The type of cell division that reduces the number of sets of chromosomes from two to one

Synopsis

The joining of homologous chromosomes along their length

Tetras

Newly formed structure formed after synapses

Crossing over

The DNA from one homologous is cut an exchanged with an exact portion of DNA from the other homologous

Chiasmata

When crossing over has occurred, the cross crossed region is termed this