honors history unit 1 semester 2

triple alliance

military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Kaiser Wilhelm II

ruler of Germany who forced Bismarck to resign

triple entente

military alliance between Britain, France, Russia

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia/germany from 1864 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. Saw france as a threat to peace, unified/formed Germany

“powder keg” or europe

describes Europe's political and geographical state. Tensions were rising, alliances grew, and nationalism was high. a small spark could ignite/start a massive conflict.

Franz Ferdinand

Heir to the Austro Hungarian throne who was assassinated with his wife in Sarajevo (Bosnia) on June 28 1914.

Gavrilo Princip

a 19 year old serbian who assassinated archduke and his wife and was a member of the black hand- a secret society committed to ridding bosnia of austrian rule.

Armenian Genocide

when WW1 started the ottoman gov joined Germany and Austria Hungary, they claimed that the armenian revolutionaries supported the triple entente powers, the gov deported 2 million armenians and confiscated their land. They trekked through the desert camps in the south and more than 600,00 armenians were killed or died of starvation. By 1920 less than 400,000 armenians remained.

central powers

Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire, bulgaria

allies of ww1

Britain, France, Russia, Italy and the United States, Japan

western front

a deadlocked region in northern france where the allies and Germany were at a stalemate

Schlieffen Plan

german battle strategy that called for attacking and defeating france in the west and then rushing east to fight russia. named after General Alfred Von Schlieffen.

trench warfare

on the western front armies dug miles of parallel trenches to protect themselves from enemy fire. In this warfare, soldiers fought each other from trenches, and armies traded life for small gains in territory.

eastern front

a battle field between the German and Russian border. the russians and serbs fought the germans and austro hungarians.

Battle of Verdun

The battle was fought between French and German armies, and later Britain joined the French, one of the most costly battles of WWI. (1916) was the longest battle of World War I; it ended in stalemate, with both sides suffering hundreds of thousands of casualties. Germans gained 4 miles, and the British gained 5. Each side had suffered more than half a million casualties.

Battle of Somme

battle between German and British forces. Ending in a stalemate. Had high number of casualties.

U-boats

German submarines that were used for sea warfare and a warship. Its main weapon was against ships was a torpedo an underwater missile.

total war

when countries devote all their resources to the war effort. In Britain, Germany, Austria, Russia, and France, their governments were dedicated to winning the conflict. The gov took control of the economy and told factories what to produce and how much.

armistice

an agreement to stop fighting. Germany and France signed one on November 9 1918 and agreed to stop fighting.

Gallipoli campaign

Effort to take the Dardanelles, strategy for the allies that wanted to attack a region in the Dardanelles which was a narrow sea strait to the gateway of the ottoman capital (constantinople) which the allies wanted to defeat the turks and establish a supply line to russia. British, Australian, New Zealand, and french troops that made assaults on the Gallipoli peninsula. It turned to a stalemate and the allies pulled out.

Lusitania

may 7 1915 a german submarine- u boat sunk a british passenger ship the Lusitania killed 1198 people including 128 u.s citizens. Germans went back to unrestricted submarine warfare and sank 3 american ships. U.S went to war after this.

Spanish flu

strain of influenza, hit england and india first then europe, russia and asia and eventually the u.s. killed soldiers/civilians. in india at least 12 million ppl died from flu. global epidemic was more destructive than war killing 20 million ppl worldwide.

Czar Nicholas II

czar of Russia who brought Russia into WWI. The March Revolution forced him to resign, and he was later executed. decision to bring them into war killed over 4 million Russian soldiers.

Russo- Japanese war

in the 1800s, Russia and Japan competed for Korea and Manchuria. military conflict in which a victorious Japan forced Russia to abandon its expansionist policy (Russia trying to gain Korea/ Manchuria}

“bloody sunday”

200,000 workers and their families approaches the czars palace and carries a petition asking for better working conditions, personal freedom, and an elected nation legislature. Czars generals ordered fire on crowd. 1000+ were wounded and 100+ were killed.

Vladimir lenin

leader of the Bolsheviks. overthrew the provisional government and played a key role in the 1917 russian revolution. influenced by marxist theory.

provisional government

a temporary government establishe dby leaders of the Duma after abdication of Nicholas ll.

russian revolution and civil war

civil war- a conflict between the red army (bolsheviks) and the white army. Bolsheviks wanted to leave ww1 (drop out), were peasants. wanted a marxist socialist state but the white army wanted to restore the monarchy and other white army members wanted a liberal democracy.

revolution- factory growth created problems such as bad work conditions and low wage along with child labor people were also upset about the food rations. The bolsheviks were a part of the working class and wanted to overthrow the czar because of this. period of political social change. Along with the russia staying in the war which people were unhappy with so the bolsheviks rose to power to create change and build a comunist state.

bolsheviks

a group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia’s government in November 1917.

woodrow wilson

president of the u.s during ww1 and created the 14 points

14 points

a series of peace proposals drawn up by president wilson to establish peace.

1-4= and end to secret societies, freedom of seas, free trade, and reduced national armies/ navies.

5= adjustment of colonial claims with fairness toward colonial people

6-13= specific suggestions for changing borders and creating new nations

14= proposed a “general association of nations” that would protect “great/small states alike”

treaty of versailles

the peace treaty signed by germany and the allied powers after ww1

league of nations

international association formed after ww1 with goal of keeping peace among nations.

mandates

Territories administered by League of Nations and Allies would govern the mandates until they were judged ready for independence. Austria-H, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire had huge land losses. New countries were created from them. Ottoman Turks were forced to give up their land except for (turkey). Russia lost territory, and Romania and Poland gained more territory from Russia. Germany also split up. These mandates also had European control overseeing them.

War Guilt Clause

article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles placed responsibility for the war on Germany and its allies and served as the basis for reparations and penalties imposed on Germany.

reparations

Germany and its allies were required to pay the allied powers and financially compensate them as a part of treaty of versailles for the destruction caused by war.

joseph stalin

leader of soviet union, was a bolshevik. 1928 stalin in total control of communist party. was an important figure under Vladmir lenin. when lenin died he came to power. he created a totalitarian state, controlled all aspects of life, politics-economy. forced peasants to work on collective farms. led to famine. He pushed for rapid industrialization through the 5 year plans amining to make russia and industrial power. Led to economic growth but bad working conditions and suffering. He also had a brutal campaign where his enemies and citizens etc were arrested tortured and hung.

totalitarianism

a government that takes total, centralized, state control out of every aspect of public and private life. Gov seeks control of individual thoughts, beliefs, education, economy, culture etc. freedoms are restricted and no room for an opinion or opression.

soviet union (USSR)

USSR- union of soviet socialist republics

federal socialist state 1922-1991, also communist state

great purge

stalin launched a campaign of terror directed at eliminating anyone who threatened his power. Bolsheviks who helped form the revolution were put onto trial and either executed or sent to labor camps for crimes against the soviet state.

command economy

a system in which the government makes all economic decisions. Under this system, political leaders identify the country's economic needs and determine how to fulfill them.

5 year plans

plans outlined by Joseph Stalin in 1928 for the development of the soviet union economy. Set high numerical quotes and goals to increase the output of steel, coal, oil, and electricity. And so, the gov limited the production of consumer goods. resulted in people facing shortages of housing, food, clothing, and other necessities.

collective farms

a large gov controlled farm formed by combining many small farms. a process called collectivization. They are large government owned farms in the soviet union. hundreds of families worked on the collectives. Used to boost food production and reduce number of workers.

Holodomor

famine in ukraine caused by stalin policies of collectivization. millions of ukrainians died as a result of food shortages. Government required ukrainian farmers to give up most of their grain to the state as a result it led to a food shortage.

Sykes-Picot agreement

a secret agreement/deal between britiana nd france to divide the ottoman empires middle eastern territories. set the boundaries for modern day syria, lebanon, iraq, jordan etc. It ignored ethnic and religious divisions that would ultimately establish long term political instability and conflict in middle east.

zionist movement

a nationalist movement among the Jews to establish a home land in Palestine

Ibn Saud

founder and 1st king/leader of saudi arabia. Unified arabian peninsula and established modern state of saudi Arabia

1911 chinese revolution

a group called the Kuomintang which was a nationalist party that pushed for modernization and nationalization and was lead by Sun yixian. overthrew China's last dynasty (Qing) and established the Republic of China--led by Sun Yixian

aka the Xinhai revolution

the long march

When Jiang gathered an army of 700,000 men and surrounded the communists mountain stronghold. The communist leaders got defeated and the 100,000 of them fled. They began a 6,000 mile long journey. Thousands died from hunger, cold, exposure and battle wounds.

Mao Zedong

chinese communist revolutionary, a founding father of the peoples republic aka communism became leader of chinese communist party. Became china’s greatest revolutionary leader.