Apush Unit 2 Chapter 5

Paxton Boys

Armed march on Philadelphia by Scotts-Irish frontiersmen in protest against the Quaker establishment's lenient policies toward Native Americans.

Regulator Movement

Eventually violent uprising of backcountry settlers in North Carolina against unfair taxation and the control of colonial affairs by the seaboard elite.

New York slave revolt

Uprising of approximately two dozen enslaved Africans that resulted in the deaths of nine white people and the brutal execution of twenty-one participating Black people.

South Carolina slave revolt

Over 50 black men along South Carolina's Stono River seized weapons and marched to Spanish Florida in 1739, but were stopped by local militia

Triangular Trade

Exchange of rum, slaves, and molasses between the North American colonies, Africa, and the West Indies. A small but immensely profitable subset of the Atlantic trade.

Molasses Act

Tax on imported molasses passed by Parliament in an effort to squelch the North American trade with the French West Indies. It proved largely ineffective due to widespread smuggling.

Armianism

Belief that salvation is offered to all humans but is conditional on acceptance of God's grace. Different from Calvinism, which emphasizes predestination and unconditional election.

Great Migration

Religious revival that swept the colonies. Participating ministers, most notably Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield, placed an emphasis on direct, emotive spirituality. A Second Great Awakening arose in the nineteenth century.

Old lights

Orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality.

New lights

Ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition pioneered by George Whitefield during the Great Awakening.

Poor Richard's Almanack

Widely read annual pamphlet edited by Benjamin Franklin. Best known for its proverbs and aphorisms emphasizing thrift, industry, morality, and common sense.

Zenger Trial

New York libel case against John Peter Zenger. Established the principle that truthful statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel.

Royal colonies

Colonies where governors were appointed directly by the king. Though often competent administrators, the governors frequently ran into trouble with colonial legislatures, which resented the imposition of control from across the Atlantic.

Proprietary colonies

Colonies—Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware—under the control of local proprietors, who appointed colonial governors.

Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crevecoeur

French settler that questioned the American identity if a mixture of cultures was considered American

Jacob Arminius

Dutch theologian whose name inspired Armianism, preaching that individual free will determined a person's eternal fate, not divine decree. Claimed all humans could be saved if they freely accepted God's grace

Jonathan Edwards

pastor who started the Great Awakening, affirmed the need for complete dependence on God's grace for salvation, not through good works. Believed that hell was paved with the skulls of unbaptized children

George Whitefield

English parson who toured colonies and preached about human helplessness and divine omnipotence

John Trumbull

aspiring painter from Connecticut who traveled to London to pursue his ambitions

John Singleton Copley

famous painter, a Loyalist in the Revolutionary War

Phillis Wheatly

poet who was an enslaved girl brought from West Africa to Boston, wrote Latin poetry and helped shape an American culture of childhood

John Peter Zenger

a newspaper printer, wrote a newspaper attacking the corrupt royal governor in New York, got taken to court and was defended by an indentured servant who swayed the jurors into calling him not guilty