Monarchs, Wars, and Religious Conflicts in Europe

Charles V

Ruled Spain and Holy Roman Empire simultaneously.

Peace of Augsburg

Allowed coexistence of Catholics and Protestants.

Philip II

Son of Charles V, defender of Catholicism.

Battle of Lepanto

Naval battle where Philip II defeated Ottomans.

Huguenots

French Protestants following John Calvin.

Edict of Nantes

Granted Huguenots religious freedom in France.

Henry IV

King of France who ended Huguenot wars.

Cardinal Richelieu

Chief minister during Louis XIII's reign.

Louis XIV

Known as the Sun King, ruled France absolutist.

Revocation of Edict of Nantes

Louis XIV's act restarting Huguenot persecution.

Tudors

Family that respected parliamentary authority.

Stuarts

Family that believed in Divine Right of Kings.

Charles I

Stuart king who abolished parliament, leading to civil war.

Roundheads

Supporters of Parliament in the English Civil War.

Cavaliers

Supporters of Charles I in the English Civil War.

Oliver Cromwell

Leader of the Roundheads, later ruled as Lord Protector.

Commonwealth

Government without a monarchy after Charles I's execution.

Glorious Revolution

William and Mary took the throne, limiting monarchy.

English Bill of Rights

Limited monarch's power over Parliament.

Thirty Years' War

Conflict between Catholics and Protestants in Europe.

Peace of Westphalia

Ended Thirty Years' War, redrew European borders.

Habsburgs

Ruling family of Austria, Catholic.

Hohenzollerns

Ruling family of Prussia, Protestant.

Frederick William

Prussian ruler who empowered the nobility.

Peter the Great

Modernized Russia and expanded its territories.

Katherine the Great

Continued Peter's reforms and expanded Russian territory.

Partition of Poland

Division of Polish territory among Austria, Prussia, Russia.