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article 1 checks and balances

Congress can make laws, but the President (Executive Branch) can veto those laws.

Congress can override a veto with a two-thirds vote in both the House and the Senate.

The Senate must approve certain actions by the President, like appointing judges or making treaties.

Congress can impeach and remove the President, judges, or other federal officials for serious wrongdoing.

Congress controls the budget and spending, which limits what the President can do with money.

federalist 10

FACTIONS. Factions are groups of people that get together to protect and promote their special economic interests and political opinions. Although they are at odds with each other, they frequently work against the public interest which infringes upon the rights of others. The public good should prevail over the interests of factions. We need factions but we cannot let them grow or they will destroy democracy. A republic is better than a democracy because a few represent the many and representatives will be picked from a large population with diverse issues.

letter from a Birmingham jail

On being "unwise and untimely." all communities and states are interrelated. critics have been influenced by the threat of outsiders coming in. injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.

4 steps in nonviolent campaign: collection of facts, negotiation, self-purification, direct action.

Federalist 70

Need an energetic president for a good government. an energetic executive branch is characterized by unity, sufficient powers, and a certain degree of secrecy. This is why one chief executive is better than multiple. national defense, sound administration of the law, and the protection of property rights all depend upon the vitality of the presidency.

22nd amendment

No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once. But this article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this article was proposed by the Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this Article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term.

brutus 1

Antifederalists who opposed immediate ratification of the constitution. Can the diverse people of America be unified under one government without sacrificing the blessings of liberty and self government? Prompted a more thorough explanation of the constitution and why it needs to be ratified. Biggest legacy: contributed to the addition of the bill of rights.

federalist 51

separation of powers: if individuals are given power they can take advantage of it. "If men were angels, no gov't would be necessary." We need checks and balances. Each branch must be separate from the others. Each branch needs sufficient power to keep the others in check.

14 amendment

All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

 brown vs board of education

Students cannot be separated in public schools on the basis of race

 gideon vs wainwright

decided that people accused of a crime have the right to a lawyer, even if they can't afford one.

formal powers of congress

• Making laws for the nation.

• Levying and collecting taxes.

• Borrowing money on behalf of the U.S.

• Regulating commerce (trade) with foreign nations and between states.

• Coining money and regulating its value.

• Declaring war.

• Raising and supporting armies and maintaining a navy.

• Establishing post offices and roads.

• Creating lower federal courts.

• Issuing patents and copyrights.

• Overseeing immigration and naturalization laws.

• Controlling federal spending and the national budget.

• Impeaching and removing federal officials.

judicial activism

Judicial branch is an equal partner with other 2 branches and should be actively involved in interpreting and applying laws. Strong belief in judicial review.

judicial restraint

Judicial branch should let other 2 branches set policy and only get involved if policy is a flagrant violation of the constitution. Not a strong belief in judicial review.