INTRO CHEM CHAPTER 3

What is matter?

Matter is any substance that has mass and occupies volume.

What are the three physical states of matter?

Solid, Liquid, and Gas.

According to the Kinetic-Molecular Theory, what explains the states of matter?

The motions and energy of particles explain the states of matter.

Define the solid state of matter.

Solids have a definite, fixed shape and volume and cannot be compressed.

What is the kinetic-molecular theory as it relates to solids?

In a solid, the particles of matter are tightly packed together and have the least energy of the three states.

Define the liquid state of matter.

Liquids have an indefinite shape, assume the shape of their container, and have a definite volume, but cannot be compressed.

What is the kinetic-molecular theory as it relates to liquids?

In a liquid, the particles of matter are loosely packed and can move past one another, having more energy than solids but less than gases.

Define the gaseous state of matter.

Gases have an indefinite shape, assume the shape of their container, can be compressed, and have an indefinite volume.

What is the kinetic-molecular theory as it relates to gases?

In a gas, particles of matter are far apart and uniformly distributed, possessing the most energy of the three states.

What is melting in terms of phase changes?

Melting is the phase change when a solid changes to a liquid as the temperature increases.

What is freezing in terms of phase changes?

Freezing is the phase change when a liquid changes to a solid as the temperature decreases.

What is vaporizing in terms of phase changes?

Vaporizing is the phase change when a liquid changes to a gas as the temperature increases.

What is condensing in terms of phase changes?

Condensing is the phase change when a gas changes to a liquid as the temperature decreases.

What is sublimation in terms of phase changes?

Sublimation is the phase change when a solid changes directly to a gas as the temperature increases.

What is deposition in terms of phase changes?

Deposition is the phase change when a gas changes directly to a solid as the temperature decreases.

What are the two main classifications of matter?

Matter can be classified as Mixtures or Pure substances.

What differentiates mixtures from pure substances?

Mixtures are physical blends of two or more substances that can be physically separated, while pure substances consist of only one substance and cannot be separated physically.

What is the difference between heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures?

Heterogeneous mixtures do not have uniform properties throughout, while homogeneous mixtures do.

What defines a compound in terms of pure substances?

Compounds can be chemically separated into their individual elements.

What defines an element in terms of pure substances?

Elements cannot be broken down further by chemical reactions.

What is the law of definite composition?

The law states that compounds always contain the same elements in a constant proportion by mass.

What is kinetic energy?

Kinetic energy is the energy matter has as a result of its motion.

What is potential energy?

Potential energy is stored energy that results from position or composition.

What is the law of conservation of mass?

The law states that the mass of reactants before a chemical change is always equal to the mass of products after a chemical change.

What is the law of conservation of energy?

The law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be converted from one form to another.

List the six forms of energy.

Heat, Light, Chemical, Electrical, Mechanical, and Nuclear.

What is a physical property?

A physical property is a characteristic of a pure substance observable without changing its composition.

What is a chemical property?

A chemical property describes how a pure substance reacts with other substances.

What is the difference between a physical change and a chemical change?

A physical change does not alter the chemical composition, while a chemical change results in a new substance.

What evidence indicates a chemical change?

Gas release (bubbles), light or heat release, and a permanent color change.

What is the relationship between mass and energy according to Einstein's theory of relativity?

Mass and energy are related and can be interchanged, given by the formula E = mc².