Immune system

The immune system _________ us from infectious agents and harmful substances

protects

cells of the immune system work together to provide us with ______________

immunity

immunity is the _____________ to ____________

resistance to infection

there are many forms of pathogens that we encounter such as:

bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, multicellular parasites, and prions

bacteria are the most ___________ out of all the pathogens

harmless

are viruses a cell?

no

viruses must enter a ___________ to _______________

cell; reproduce

fungi are things like _________

mold

protozoans are also know as ______________

parasites

multicellular parasites take nourishment from a ___________

host

prions are a _____________ that causes ______________ in ___________ tissue

protein; disease; nervous

the two major branches of the immune system are:

innate and adaptive

innate:

present at birth

adaptive:

acquired immunity

cells of the immune system are called ________________

leukocytes

most leukocytes are found in lymphatic _____________ and _______________

organs and vessels

these cells are formed in ___________ ________ _____________

red bone marrow

there are two major classifications of leukocytes:

granulocyte and agranulocyte

granulocytes include ___________, ___________, and _____________ and are apart ______________ immunity

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils; innate

agranulocytes include ________________ and ______________

monocytes and lymphocytes

monocytes __________________ bacteria and are apart of ___________ immunity

phagocytize; innate

lymphocytes either regulate or produce antibodies and are apart of _____________ immunity

adaptive

cytokines regulate ______________ and ________________ of the immune system cells.

function and growth

there are four different kinds of cytokines:

IL, TNF, CSF, and IFN

IL stands for ____________________

interleukin

interleukins __________ immune cells

regulate

TNF __________________ tumor cells

destroys

CSF stimulates _________________ formation

WBC

IFN provides ______________________ -recruit WBC to site

immunity

the innate immune system is broken down into two categories:

first line of defense and second line of defense

first line of defense center around preventing the _________ of pathogens!

entry

first line of defense organs are the:

skin and mucous membrane

the skin acts as a physical __________ but also secretes _________________________

barrier; antimicrobial

mucous membranes line _______ ___________________; produce __________ and also release __________________

body openings; mucin; antimicrobials

second line defenses are non-specific cellular and molecular defenses that ________ the body

protect

the second line defenses are the:

cellular defenses, inflammation, and fever

cellular defenses are the _____ and ______ ____________________ that attack pathogenic organisms

B and T lymphocytes

neutrophils _________ unwanted substances

destroy

macrophages help ______________ bacteria

phagocytize

dendritic cells act as ___________ ________ _____________, telling T lymphocytes what to look for

antigen presenting cells

basophils release ______________, heparin, and eicosandois

histamine

mast cells are found in connective tissues and promote __________________

inflammation

NK cells preform ________ ____________

immune surveillance

eosinophils attack _____________ _____________

multicellular parasites

antimicrobial proteins are molecules that secrete against ____________

microbes

there are two major classes of anitmicrobial proteins:

interferon proteins, and the complement system

alpha interferon and beta interferon are produced by ________________ and prevent the spread of _________ _________________

leukocytes; viral infections

gamma interferon are produced by ____ _____________ and ____ _______ and ____________ infected cells

T lymphocytes and NK cells; destroy

the complement system has four main components:

opsinization, inflammation, cytolysis, and elimination of immune complexes

inflammation is an immediate response to ward off ___________

invasion

inflammation is induced by the secretion of four chemicals:

histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, chemotactic factors

fever is defined as an ___________ _______ _______________.

elevated body temperature

a fever can have _________ and ____________ effects!

positive and negative

the adaptive immune system __________ to the type of pathogen and works very ________________

adapts; specific

the two branches of the adaptive immune system are:

cell mediated immunity and humoral immunity

cell mediated is with _______ _________________

T lymphocytes

humoral is with ____ _____________

B lymphocytes

our adaptive immune system also exhibits _______ which means that after the infection has been cleared, memory cells survive and can be activated more readily.

memory

__________ are the primary cell of the adaptive immune system, these cells recognize antigens and decide to attack

lymphocytes

helper T-cell

gets activated when it encounters a foreign antigen!

cytotoxic T-cell gets activated by ________ ______ ___________, then __________ cells that are infected

antigen presenting cell; kills

cytotoxic T-cells secrete ______ and ____________

perforins and granzymes

memory T-cell gets activated by antigen presenting cells, and then “ ___________ ____________” for the future rapid response to a pathogen

hangs around

activated B cells secrete _____________

antibodies

memory B-cells get activated by the binding of a free ____________ and then “hangs around”

antigen

antibodies are secrete by activated B- cells (plasma cells) in response to a?

foreign antigen

each plasma cell makes millions of copies of ________ antibody

ONE

antibodies have two main components:

antigen binding site and Fc domain

the antigen binding site will stick to the ___________

antigen

binding to viral or bacterial toxins is called?

neutralization

binding to multiple pathogens is called?

agglutination

antibodies tagging pathogens is called?

phagocytosis

antibodies clumping soluable anitgens into antibodies is called?

precipitation

triggering a cascade of immune system to help fight an infection is called?

complement activation

antibodies labeling infected cells for NK cells is called?

ADCC

antibodies stopping pathogens from sticking to infected cells is called?

blocking adhesion

active immunity is the production of ___________ cells due to _______________

memory; antigen

there are two types of active immunity:

naturally active and artifically acquired

naturally active:

direct exposure to antigen

artifically acquired:

antigen exposure from vaccine

passive immunity there is no production of _____________ cells

memory

naturally (passive)

transfer from mother to child

artifically (passive)

transfer of serum containing antibody

vaccinations are when an ______________ injected causes an immune response

antigen

compliance

people who have been vaccinated

herd immunity

protection from injection because others around you are immune