Phylogenetic Trees and Evolution

_________ is the study if evolutionary relationships between biological entitles and a method a classifying lie on earth base

Phylogenetics

________ is presented which gives a visual interpretation of the evolutionary history of a group of a biological organism

• uses the form of trees

Phylogeny

Typical phylogenetic tree has what components?

• Nodes (a break-off between branches)

• Taxon (species)

• Common Ancestors

• Clades (different families, species, classes, etc)

• Branches (connecting the nodes)

_______ is a trait thought to be present in the common ancestor of multiple groups

Ancestral character

_______ is a trait that arose somewhere on a lineage descended from a common ancestor

Derived character

Ex of derived vs ancestral character?

All vertebrates have a notochord which is ancestral and while birds have a notochord that have feathers which is a derived character trait that not other species besides birds have.

Bird Overall Evolution from Vertebraes

1) vertebrates

• Gnathostomes (jawed)

  • Osteichthyes (bony fish)

    • Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)

      • Tetrapod’s (4 limbs)

        • Amniotes (non water eggs)

Tetrapod’s Evolution

• Amniota

  • Sauropsida (reptiles with 3 jaw bones, 1 ear bone, scales made of Beta keratin, eggs, and Occipital Condyle skull)

    • Archosaurs (birds/crocodilians with an antorbital fenestra

      • Ornithodiran (bird-like feet)

        • Dinosauria (birds/dinos)

Dinosauria Evolution

Birds are therapod dinosaurs (having furcula and air sacks in their skeleton)

• Tetanuran (3 finger hands)

  • Maniraptoran (able to hand grab)

    • Paraves (backward-facing pubis and feathers)

      • Avilae (hallux)

Clades within the Avialaes

Pygostylia (tail bone)

• Aves (loss of teeth) (Palegnathae

  • • Neognathae (modern palate)

      • Neoaves/Gallofomes)

What is the Archaeopteryx

The oldest fossil bird ever

Taxonomy Naming Coventious

Kingdom (King)

Phylum (Phillip)

Class (Came)

Order (Over)

Family (For)

Genius (Good)

Species (Sex)