Justin Sung Learning

What are the spacing for alpha helix

every 4 amino acids there is a h bond formed, if you make a cycle, there are 4 animo acids which are there

When delta g is less than 0, what is this called

exergonic

What is the relationship between the reactions changing leading to equilibrium and delta G

As the reaction creates more product (assuming that there is little product and a lot of reactant) leading to more product. So as there becomes more product formed, then delta g becomes more negative. Until it reaches 0 and the rate of converstion of the reactnats and the proudcts are the same, net change is 0.

What is the connection between steady state and the formation of michealis menten curve

Since there is an equal rate of ES formation and an equal rate of consumption, this leads to the initial velocity being constant when measuring the product formation vs time. since the velocity is constant you can actually plot that on the micaleus menten curve.

What happens to Km in competitive inhibition

Lower apparent affinity: Because the inhibitor fights for the same space, the enzyme appears to have a lower affinity for the substrate. [1, 2]

What happens to Km in non-competitive inhibition

In non-competitive inhibition, the inhibitor binds to the enzyme at a different site rather than the active site but slows down the rate at which the reaction occurs. The enzyme will bind to the substrate with the same affintiy, it just won't be as effective of an enzyme.

Does Saturated have double bonds

no

Does unSaturated have double bonds

Yes - think of foods,

What are some examples of integral proteins and what are their functions. What is the role of peripheral proteins

Integral proteins - channel and carrier. Carrier are for large molecules and channel is for ions. They are inside the membrance and thus the parts which have to be inside the membrane have to be nonpolar R groups. Peripheral proteins just recieve and do siglaning.

What are the properties of leaflets and what do they do

Length more length more van del wals more tight and less lateral movement - monkeys tail
One saturated and one unsatruated cis - slime molding balance of rigidity and aso lateral movemnet

What are the important mechanisms for direct active transport

Na binding to the carrier protein causes an conformational change which causes phospoholation (creating a phosphate in the products) and then the Na+ goes outside. Then while the protein is curved outward K+ binds to it causing dephospoholation and then K goes in and then we are back to nromal state. 3na+ go out and 2 K+ goes in

What are the important mechanisms for indirect active transport

Na+ going into the cell with the gradietn, bidns to the curved outward protein and then glucose also binds, then the protein conformationally changes to let glucose in and then hte 2na+ in, but then the Na+ goes out.

Kinases

kind man giving phosphate to subratere - catalyze transfer of phosphate from ATP to a substrate

Phosphatases

catalyze removal of a phosphate from a substrate

Carboxylases

catalyze addition of a carboxyl group to a substrate

Decarboxylases

catalyze removal of a carboxyl group from a

substrate

Hydrogenases

hydrogen generde being reduced in a pot which is cooking - catalyze the reduction of a substrat

Dehydrogenases

catalyze the oxidation of a substrate

Isomerases

think isomer - catalyze the structural rearrangement of a molecule

CATABOLISM

Breaking down molecules - think of cannobolism

Where is the matrix and what happens in the matrix and what happens in the intermembrane space

Matrix tranformers optimuus prime being in the middle of all the transfomrers tall and proud

Matrix where all the main ATP is produced 32 molecules of ATP
Intermebrance space is where there is hella H+, there is H+ in the inner membrane being pumped into the intermembrane space

How is gyclosis negative regulated

Citrate and ATP produced during the krebs cycle uses negative feedback, this is useful because when you have too much ATP being produced you are creating a surplus which may not be necessary

How much net ATP is procuded in aeorobic respiration from 1 glucose

38 theoretically from 1 glucose

Explain what is happening with the phophates in gyclosis

you have glucose which gets phospholyated (from ATP going into ADP), and then that shi happens again later. Then it gets split into 2 and then Posphates get attached to each of the 2 and then NADH gets made, and then we harvest all the Pi and make ATP. H2o is made at the end as well.

Whats going on w acetyl coa

2 Pyruvates comes in and get oxidized - then aycl co a comes in and attaches

Whats happening in the krebs cycle

• initally citrate gets formed adn then it gets decarobxilayed, forms Co2, and then also forms NADH - energy released from COOH getting removed causes enough to reduce NAD+. then ATP gets formed, then the molecule gets reduced and then NADH and FADH2 starts forming

What is the order of the photosystems, what does each do.

first 2 and then 1. Photosystem 1 pumps H+ across the membrane. Photosystem 2 makes NADPH.

Location for photosythesis light reactions

Stroma → H⁺ pumped into lumen → H⁺ flows back to stroma → ATP made in stroma

Lumen - inside the thylakoid membrane, H+ charging a lumos wand spell

ETC location

Matrix → H⁺ pumped into intermembrane space → H⁺ flows back to matrix → ATP made in matrix

Where does the calvin cycle happen

Same place as where ATP is produced, in the stroma, so still inside the chloroplast, just outside the thylakoid lumen

How many CO2, how many ATP, how many NADPH, how many G3P, how many rubiscos, are there in 1 cycle of dark cycle.

3 Co2, 3 Rubisco, 9 ATP total (6 during reduction phase), 5 G3P used to remake rubisco, 1 net G3P to make glucose.

How many NADH does glycosis produce, how many water does

2

How many NADH CO2 and FADH2 does krebs cycle produce

3 nadh 2 co2 and 1 fadh2

How many H+ does NADH and FADH2 pump How many atp is made per turn of hte atp synthas

10
6

3 ATP

FOr 1 glucose molecule what is happening, how many ADP and Pi are there to make how many ATp