Unit 5 exam MLS 11113

What type of antigen is too small to act on its own?

Hapten

What is not a characteristic of an antigen?

Foreign, Simple molecule, or large molecular weight

Simple molecule

What are macrophages located in the brain called?

Microglia

immunology

the study of mechanisms our bodies use to recognize and dispose of non-self substances

3 principle functions of immune process

1. protection from disease

2. get rid of disease, prepare for next time (creating antibodies)

3. wound repair

It is our job as lab scientists to aid in the _______ and ________ of disease

diagnosis treatment

concepts of immunology serve as the basis for a ________ percentage of the testing we preform

large

non-self substances are called

antigens

examples of antigens 4

bacteria

virus

transported organs

drugs/allergens

what is the name of anything that triggers an immune response

antigen

another name for antibody

immunoglobulins

made specifically to destroy antigens

antibodies

born with it, serves as a barrier to disease

natural/ innate immunity

developed after being fully developed (after birth)

acquired/ adaptive immunity

mediated by production of antibodies (B cells)

humoral-mediated immunity

another name for humoral-mediated immunity

antibody mediated immunity

mediated by the production of cells (T cells)

cell-mediated immunology

a division of immunology that specializes in the lab detection and measurement of specific antibodies that develop in the blood during a response to exposure to a disease-producing antigen is called

serology

antibodies are typically found in _____, hence the name serology

serum

using serologic methods to determine blood groups and unexpected antibodies in the blood of person donating or receiving blood is called

immunohematology (Blood bank)

examples of the first line of defense (2)

1. skin and mucous membranes

2. coughing and sneezing

skin and mucous membranes serve anatomic barriers that secrete chemicals that: (2)

-discourage the growth of pathogenic bacteria

-allow the growth of normal flora

4 things about natural/ innate immunity

1. present at birth

2. always present in healthy individuals

3. serves as a barrier to disease

4. non-specific disease

what are activated to fight and kill foreign substances

WBC

other soluble substances like _______, ______, and _____ can be activated to fight and kill foreign substances as well

1. complement

2. lysosomes

3. interferons

what two things are somethings referred to as "natural antibiotics"

lysosomes and interferons

the 3 "R's" for acquired immunity

recognize

remember

respond

There are two ways acquired immunity works:

1. cell-mediated

2. humoral-mediated

T cells are involved in ____ immunity

cell-mediated

B cells are involved in _____ immunity

humoral-mediated

what cells make specific antibodies against the antigens attacking

B cells

two types of acquired immunity

active and passive

natural response to an infection or vaccination (receiving antigen; sick/ shot)

active acquired immunity

natural transfer of antibodies through placenta breast milk or blood transfusion

passive acquired immunity

Is innate immunity specific or non-specific?

non-specific

Is acquired immunity specific or nonspecific?

specific

_______ defenses serve to keep infectious agents from entering the body

innate

some agents are resistant to innate defenses and gain _____ in the body

residence

infectious agents, generally microbes, that cause disease are referred to as

pathogens

once an infectious agent has gained access to the body, it becomes the target of out ______ immune system

acquired

To be an antigen, a substance must be all of these 3 things

1. foreign (or seen as foreign)

2. large (molecularly large)

3. complex molecule

person reacts to something in their body (autoimmune)

autoantigen

reacting to something that's from the same species (organ transplant)

alloantigen

antigen coming from a different species

heteroantigen

a "look alike" antigen

heterophile

too small to be an antigen, but when bound to something larger (such as a protein) it's antigenic (ie posion oak)

hapten

a person who suffered from chicken pox as a child has obtained which type of immunity

acquired/active

a person received the vaccine for chickenpox is what type of immunity

acquired/ active

a person receiving antibodies for chicken pox through a blood transfusion is what type of immunity

acquired/ passive

cells of the immune system are commonly known as

wbcs

are wbcs nucleated?

yes

wbcs kick in as a part of our _____ immunity

innate

abundance of wbc from most to least

neutrophils

lymphocytes

monocytes

eosinophils

basophils

What color of granules do eosinophils have?

orange-red granules

eosinophils and basophils are seen in

allergies

parasites

normal % of eosinophils

0-5%

what type of granules to basophils have

blue/purple

normal % of basophils

0-2%

granules of basophils contain

heparin and histamine

basophils turn into _____ in the tissue

mast cells

what is the most abundant wbc

neutrophils

normal percent of neutrophils

50-70%

neutrophils are the primary response in ________ defense

bacterial

don't have much granulation, but have more lobes/ indentations

neutrophils

other names for neutrophils

poly's, segs, PMN's

Are neutrophils phagocytic?

yes

segs and some other cells can move from the circulation into the tissues by a process known as

diapedesis

segmented neutrophils respond primarily to

bacteria

what two wbc are phagocytic

neutrophils

monocytes

what is the largest wbc

monocytes

normal percent of monocytes

6-12%

once simulated to move into the tissues, monocytes become

macrophages

macrophages in the lungs are called

alveolar cells

macrophages in the liver are called

Kupffer cells

macrophages in the brain are called

microglial cells

macrophages in the connective tissue are called

histiocytes

macrophages in the skin are called

dendritic cells

4 important roles macrophages play (think of pac man)

1. phagocytosis

2. clean up

3. control/ regulate

4. antigen presentation

greek meaning of phagocytosis

cell eating

four main steps of phagocytosis

1. physical contact between wbc and foreign substance

2. formation of phagosome (pocket)

3. formation of phagolysosome (pocket fuses with granules of the cell)

4. digestion and release of debris

proteins found in the blood that aid in phagocytosis are known as

opsonins

opsonins come from the greek phrase

prepare for eating

3 examples of opsonins

1. CRP (C-reactive protein)

2. antibodies

3. complement

is crp innate or acquired

innate

are antibodies innate or acquired

acquired

complement innate or acquired

innate

4 signs of inflammation

redness, heat, swelling, pain

cells that are recruited to the site for inflammation are called

chemotaxis

vasodilation promotes __________ blood flow to the site

increased

as vasodilation occurs, vascular permeability __________, allowing important cells and proteins to enter the tissue

increases

chemicals called __________ are produced in an effort to eliminate bacteria (pathogens) by increasing temp

pyrogens

what is a protein we can detect in the blood that is present in large numbers during inflammation

CRP

complement is a collection of plasma proteins that circulate in an _______ form in the body

innate

once activated, the cascading complement system forms the ___________ (which is a collection of complement proteins) to destroy foreign cells and microbes

membrane attack complex (MAC)

blood transfusion reactions and autoimmune reactions can activate _________ resulting in cell death

complement

acquired immunity is ________ specific

antigen specific

a type of antigen too small to act on its own

hapten

what is not a characteristic of an antigen

Simple Molecule

macrophages in the liver are called

1. kupffer cells

it is the responsibility of the _________ immune system to prevent infection or eliminate it once it has occurred and remember the antigens

acquired