Lifespan Development Exam 3

Androgens

male sex hormones

Adolescents

starts at puberty (or age 12), ends at adulthood

Puberty

stage at which hormones produce changes that lead to rapid growth and sexual maturity

Adolescent Growth Spurt

dramatic increase in height and weight during puberty due to the release of several hormones

Distalproximal Development

extremities grow first

Primary Sex Characteristics

characteristics are related to reproduction and are present at birth but mature during puberty

Menarche

first menstrual period

Penis

external organ used for urination and sexual intercourse, contains a small opening where urine and semen exit the body

Testicles

oval-shaped organs that produce semen and millions of sperm daily

Scrotum

sac-like structure that holds the testicles

Labia

folds of skin that protect the openings of the urethra (tube for urine) and vagina

Vagina

elastic, muscular tube-shaped structure connects vulva and cervix

Uterus

hollow organ, also called womb

Fallopian Tubes

tube-shaped structure from the ovaries to the uterus, where fertilization usually occurs

Ovaries

release the egg each cycle

Secondary Sex Characteristics

characteristics not directly related to reproduction but develop during puberty

Oxytocin

the “love hormone,” promotes bonding

Synaptic Pruning

elimination of extra unused synapses

Corpus Collosum

connects left and right side of the brain

Limbic System

collection of parts of the brain involved with emotions, motivation, memory

Dopamine

a neurotransmitter that causes a feeling of reward

How many hours of sleep does an adolescent need?

8-10

Circadian Rhythm

body’s internal clock involved in sleep-wake cycle

Risk of teen pregnancy decreases if…

parent/child have a close relationship, parental supervision, the parents’ value of no or safe intercourse

Risk of teen pregnancy increases if…

dangerous neighborhood, lower socioeconomic situation, single parent, older siblings are sexually active, early puberty, sexual abuse history

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

diseases that are transmitted through sexual behavior

Contraception

a method used to prevent pregnancy

Eating Disorders

persistent disturbance of eating/eating behavior results in altered consumption/absorption and impairs heath or psychosocial functioning

Anorexia Nervosa

underweight due to starvation, fear of gaining weight, distortion body image

Bullimia Nervosa

binge eating, followed by a behavior to avoid weight gain (self-induced vomiting, use of laxatives, excessive exercise)

Self-harm

hurting oneself

Psychoactive Drug

chemical that influences perceptions, moods, and state of consciousness

What are the 4 categories of drugs?

stimulants, depressants, opioids, hallucinogens

Tolerance

more of the drug is needed to produce the effect

Dependence

the need to use the drug

Binge Eating Disorder

binge eating, guilt/negative feelings following but no behaviors to avoid weight gain

Formal Operational

Piaget’s stage of cognitive development that begins in adolescence

Abstract Thinking

thinking related to principles with no physical reference

Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning

reasoning in which a person develops a hypothesis (prediction) based on logic

Transitive

a relationship between 2 things that can apply to other related things

Introspection

thinking about your own thoughts/feelings

Adolescent Egocentrism

increased self-focus

Imaginary Audience

belief that everyone is looking at you and noticing your behavior and appearance

Personal Fable

belief that you are unique (no one understands me) and you will not be harmed

Idealistic

believing in high standards of behavior by everyone

Self-Regulation

ability to control impulses/emotions

Inductive Reasoning

specific observations are used to make a general conclusion

Deductive Reasoning

a general principle/theory is used to make specific conclusions/hypotheses

Duel-Process Model

2 ways to process information

Intuitive Thought

automatic, unconscious, fast, emotional, easier way of thinking

Analytical Thought

deliberate, conscious, rational thinking

What are the 4 factors related to academic achievement?

intrapersonal factors, interpersonal factors, gender, and institutional factors

Gap Year

taking a year before or during college to work, travel, or volunteer

Having a job while a student is usually beneficial unless the student works over how many hours a week?

20

Since 1975, 30,323 lives may have been saved due to…

raising the drinking age to 21

What do adolescents’ self-descriptions include?

traits, morals, values

What are an adolescents’ self-esteem influenced by?

academics, social relationships, appearance, and physical/athletic abilities

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Erikson’s psychosocial stage for adolescents

Who proposed Theory of Identity Development?

James Marcia

What are the 4 types of identity status?

identity-defusion, identity-foreclosure, identity-moratorium, identity-achievement

Identity-Defusion Status

not explored, not committed

Identity-Foreclosure

made a commitment, not explored

Identity-Moratorium Status

currently exploring, not committed

Identity-Achievement Status

have explored, have committed

MAMA Cycling

repeatedly moving from moratorium to achievement

Social Identity

the part of the self-concept that comes from the groups that someone is a member of

Ethnic Identity

the ethnic group to which an individual identifies and the feelings and attitudes associated with one’s ethnic group

Phinney’s 3 stages of ethnic identity

unexamined ethnic identity, ethnic identity search, achieved ethnic identity

Bicultural Identity

viewing one’s ethnic identity as consisting of one’s ethnic group based on one’s ancestors and one’s ethnic group based on one’s current community

Multicultural

having parents from two or more ethnic or racial groups

What are 4 influences on social development?

parents, peers, culture, media

Deviant Peer Contagion

negative behaviors is reinforced by peers, which causes more negative behavior

Friendship

give and take

Clique

group that has frequent interactions (friend group)

Crowd

group that shares an identity

Libido

desire for sexual activity

Intimate Partner Violence

physical abuse and/or sexual assault by the romantic partner

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

difficult, defiant (refused to be obedient), negative, hostile towards authority figures, blames others

Conduct Disorder

aggressive toward others or animals, lack of concern/care for torahs, will overreact and justify aggression, lack of remorse or guilt

Emerging Adulthood is from…

18-25

Early Adulthood is from…

25-45

What are Arnett’s 5 Characteristics of Emerging Adulthood?

age of identity exploration, age of instability, age of self-focus, age of feeling in-between, age of possibilities

What does emerging adulthood depend on?

economic status of the family

Where demonstrates the longest stage of emerging adulthood?

Europe

What are the attributes of adulthood?

financial independence, responsible for oneself, completed eduction, good full-time job, committed relationship

In 2014, what percentage of 18-34 year-olds lived with their parents?

32.1

What is the age range for physiological peak?

mid 20s to mid 40s

Aging process begins around what age?

30

What percent of U.S. adults 20 and over were overweight in 2012?

70.7

Obesity is when th BMI is over or equal to…

30

Causes of obesity…

environment, genetics, behavior

Consequences of obesity…

one of the leading causes of death, high medical costs, diseases/conditions

What are the top 5 causes of death for emerging/early adults?

non-intentional injury, homicide, suicide, cancer, heart disease

Binge drinking is considered __ drinks for a female and _ for a male within 2 hours.

4;5

Why do so many college students drink alcohol?

social pressure, available alcohol, free time, stressor, limited interactions wit parents/adults, underage drinking laws aren’t enforced

What are some strategies to decrease drinking at college?

identify high risk students and educate them, reduce availability of alcohol

At what age is illicit drug use the highest?

19-22

Transgender

identify as a gender that is different from their sex as determined by chromosomes

Gender Nonconforming

report that they do not conform to traditional gender norms

Cisgender

identity as the gender that matches chromosomes