Neurodevelopmental and Neurocognitive Disorders Study Guide

These vocabulary flashcards cover neurodevelopmental disorders, neurocognitive conditions, major medications, and disruptive behavior disorders based on the provided nursing study guide.

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

A group of conditions that begin during the developmental period and cause deficits in personal, social, academic, and occupational functioning.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity lasting at least $6$ months that interferes with functioning in $2+$ settings.

Dyslexia

A type of learning disorder specifically characterized by difficulties with reading.

Dysgraphia

A type of learning disorder specifically characterized by difficulties with writing.

Dyscalculia

A type of learning disorder specifically characterized by difficulties with number sense and math reasoning.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A disorder involving persistent deficits in social communication and interaction, alongside restricted or repetitive patterns of behavior and interests.

Echolalia

A vocal tic or communication symptom characterized by the repetition of others' words.

Palilalia

A vocal tic characterized by the repetition of one's own words.

Copropraxia

A motor tic characterized by the use of obscene gestures.

Tourette Syndrome

The most severe tic disorder, requiring $2+$ motor tics and at least $1$ vocal tic present for at least $1$ year, with onset before age $18$.

Delirium

An acute, reversible disturbance in attention and cognition that develops over a short period ($hours \text{ to } days$).

Dementia (Major NCD)

An acquired, progressive syndrome of significant cognitive decline from previous functioning that interferes with independence.

Confabulation

A manifestation seen in the moderate stage of Alzheimer's where the client makes up stories to fill memory gaps.

Sundowning

A phenomenon in neurocognitive disorders where confusion and agitation increase during the late afternoon or evening.

Agraphia

The loss of the ability to write, typically occurring in the severe stage of Alzheimer's disease.

Pseudodementia

Depression in older adults that mimics the cognitive decline of dementia but is treatable with medication and psychotherapy.

Memantine

An NMDA antagonist used for moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's that blocks NMDA receptors to reduce the effects of excess glutamate.

Donepezil

An acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that prevents the breakdown of acetylcholine to support memory and attention.

Lecanemab

A monoclonal antibody for early Alzheimer's that activates microglia to remove beta-amyloid plaques from the brain.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

A pattern of angry/irritable mood and argumentative/defiant behavior toward authority figures lasting at least $6$ months.

Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED)

Recurrent, sudden, impulsive episodes of disproportionate anger/aggression that usually last $\text{30 minutes}$ or less.

Conduct Disorder

A persistent pattern of violating others' rights and major social rules, often involving aggression, property destruction, and deceit.

Kleptomania

The recurrent inability to resist urges to steal items not needed for personal use or monetary value, following a tension-relief cycle.

Pyromania

Deliberate and purposeful fire-setting preceded by tension or affective arousal and followed by relief or gratification.