Unit 1

functions of the medulla oblongata

• “throat” reflexes (coughing, sneezing, vomiting, swallowing)

• Breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure

function of the pontine nuclei

• Corrects balance + coordination

• Learning center for new movement (dancing, walking, knitting)

function of the inferior colliculus

auditory processing center - filter, origin locator, reflexes

function of the superior colliculus

visual processing center - filter, movement locator, reflexes

appearance of the arbor vitae of the cerelbellum

Tree of life/lightning

 area of the brain that is the control center for water balance, appetite, reproduction, and appetite

hypothalamus

location of center for vomiting

chemoreceptor trigger zone

 structure that attaches the left hemisphere to the right hemisphere of the cerebrum

Corpus callosum (commissural fibers

function of the visual association area

Associates sight w/ reality- facial/object recognition, depth perception

location of the primary sensory area

pre-central gyrus

location of the primary motor area

post-central gyrus

function of the basal nuclei

Control motor functions (corpus striatum is collective name)

function of the limbic system

Basic consciousness- repro, motivation, emotion, learning, memory, nutrition (melmrn)

Olfactory sense and how a patient would appear with an injury

smell - smell something (patient will not smell it)

optic sense and how a patient would appear with an injury

sight - object in peripheral/plain view (patient will not see)

oculomotor sense and how a patient would appear with an injury

moves eyeball and controls pupil dilation - eye follows finger/shine light in pupil (eye will not follow, pupil will not contract)

trochlear sense and how a patient would appear with an injury

moves eyeball - eye follows finger (eye will not move)

trigeminal sense and how a patient would appear with an injury

controls mastication, sense of touch in face and eyeball - clench jaw, touch face (patient will not clench jaw or feel touch on face)

abducens sense and how a patient would appear with an injury

moves eyeball - eye follows finger (eye will not move)

facial sense and how a patient would appear with an injury

makes faces, taste food at front of tongue (patient will remain neutral, will not taste)

vestibulocochlear sense and how a patient would appear with an injury

sense of balance and hearing - snap in ear, look to side and snap head back (patient will not hear and will lose balance)

Glossopharyngeal motor and how a patient would appear with an injury

controls swallowing, sense of taste to back 1/3 of tongue - swallow, taste foot at back of tongue (patient will not swallow, taste)

vagus nerve and how a patient would appear with an injury

controls parasympathetic nervous system (hr, bp + respiration down), sense of taste in throat (detecting water) - Hold breath and bear down (patient’s pulse will not slow)

accessory nerve and how patient would react with injury

controls deltoid and sternocleidomastoid muscles - shrug/turn head against pressure (patient will not put pressure against hand)

hypoglossal nerve and how patient will react with injury

moves tongue - stick out tongue (patient’s tongue will be crooked/not stick out)

primary function of the cerebellum

Coordination, voluntary movement, motor learning

What are the general senses?

large part of body, somatic + visceral (somatic- touch, pressure, pain, temp- visceral- internal organs- pain + pressure

what are the special senses?

specific internal organs- sight, smell, hearing, taste, balance

What is the function of free nerve endings?

Perception of pain related to/ general temperature (more cold than hot)

What is the effect of aging on the nervous system?

Long-term memory improves, short term memory worsens, synapses fire slower, brain gets less oxygen/blood, less neurotransmitters

Describe working memory. How is this different from short term or long term memory?

Task-based memory- how to clean a dish, make a sandwich, dial a number

phasic receptors

accommodate to a position rapidly, senses movement (where pinky is going) (use Pacinian + Meisner corpuscules)

tonic receptors

accommodate to a position slowly, senses position (where pinky is) (use merkel disks+ ruffini end organs)

alpha brain waves

Neat, spaced apart, resting state with eyes closed

beta brain waves

Tight, slightly erratic, intense mental activity

ascending spinal pathways

Dorsal Column–Medial Lemniscal Pathway (DCML), Anterolateral System, Spinocerebellar Tracts

Dorsal Column–Medial Lemniscal Pathway (DCML)

Transmits fine touch, vibration, and proprioception

Anterolateral System

Includes the spinothalamic tracts, which carry pain, temperature, and crude touch

Spinocerebellar Tracts

Relay proprioception to cerebellum to coordinate movement

descending spinal pathways

• pyramidal tracts - responsible for voluntary movement (Corticospinal tract, Lateral corticospinal tract, Anterior corticospinal tract, Corticobulbar tract)

• Extrapyramidal tracts- involved in involuntary control like posture, balance, and muscle tone. (Rubrospinal tract, Vestibulospinal tracts (medial and lateral)), Reticulospinal tracts, Tectospinal tract)

Corticospinal tract

Controls movements of the body.

Lateral corticospinal tract

Fine motor control of limbs.

Anterior corticospinal tract

Controls trunk muscles.

Corticobulbar tract

Controls muscles of the face, head, and neck via cranial nerves.

Rubrospinal tract

Assists with limb movement.

Vestibulospinal tracts (medial and lateral)

Help maintain balance and posture.

Reticulospinal tracts

Influence muscle tone and reflexes.

Tectospinal tract

Coordinates head and eye movements in response to visual stimuli.

What is the function of the lateral spinothalamic tract?

Sense of pain + temp

What is the function of Broca’s area?

formulate speech

What is the function of Wernicke’s area?

process speech

List several effects of the sympathetic nervous system. When would this system be activated?

Bp, hr up, airways + blood vessels dilate, gland production stops (fight or flight)

List several effects of the parasympathetic nervous system. When would this system be activated?

Bp, hr down, airways + bv contract, reproduction, digestion + urine production up

What effectors are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system?

Cardiac + smooth muscle, sweat glands, eyes, liver, skin

What effectors are controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system?

All other glands, eyes, heart, lungs, urinary and reproductive systems

What is NOT controlled by the autonomic nervous system, but instead is controlled by the somatic nervous system?

All motor/voluntary actions

What are the responses of activation of nicotinic receptors?

Skeletal muscle contraction, enhance cognitive functions, stimulate norepinephrine release

What are the responses of activation of muscarinic receptors?

ONLY PARASYMPATHETIC

• Bile release, digestive motility up, urine expulsion, constrict airways, ciliary muscles release, relax heart rate

What are the responses of activation of alpha 1 receptors? Where are they located?

stimulatory - Arrector pili, smooth + skeletal muscles, pupil dilators, sphincters

What are the responses of activation of alpha 2 receptors? Where are they located?

inhibitory - Pancreas (no insulin). Gastric glands (no secretions), stops release of Norepinephrine

What are the responses of activation of beta 1 receptors? Where are they located?

stimulatory - Adipose tissue (breakdown), cardiac tissue (heart rate up)

What are the responses of activation of beta 2 receptors? Where are they located?

inhibitory - Ciliary (long vision), gallbladder, lining of lungs, stomach and intestines (stimulatory to muscles for glucose production)