Comprehensive Top 200 List

Levothyroxine

Brand: Synthroid, Levoxyl, Levothroid

Class: synthetic thyroid hormone

Indication: hypothyroidism, myxedema coma

MOA: synthetic T4 hormone which is converted to T3 hormone to exert metabolic effects by supplementing endogenous T3

ADR: tachycardia/palpitations, insomnia, weight loss, diarrhea

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Dessicated thyroid

Brand: Armour Thyroid

Class: thyroid hormone

Indication: hypothyroidim, myxedema coma

MOA: naturally derived T3 and T4 hormones that exert metabolic effects by supplementing endogenous T3

ADR: tachycardia/palpitations, insomnia, weight loss, diarrhea

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Bimatoprost

Brand: Lumigan

Class: prostaglandin analog

Indication: open-angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension

MOA: mimics natural prostaglandin to increase the outflow of aqueous humor

ADR: conjunctival hyperemia, foreign body sensation, eye pruritus

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Latanoprost

Brand: Xalatan

Class: prostaglandin analog

Indication: open-angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension

MOA: mimics natural prostaglandin to increase the outflow of aqueous humor

ADR: conjunctival hyperemia, foreign body sensation, eye pruritus

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Timolol

Brand: Lumigan

Class: beta-blocker (nonselective)

Indication: open-angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension

MOA: blocks beta-1 and beta-2 receptors to reduce intraocular pressure by decreasing aqueous humor production and increasing outflow of aqueous humor

ADR: eye irritation, headache, signs of systemic absorption

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Brimonidine

Brand: Alphagan P

Class: alpha adrenergic agonist

Indication: open-angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension

MOA: alpha-2 agonist that reduces aqueous humor formation and increases uveoscleral outflow

ADR: allergic conjunctivitis, conjunctival hyperemia, itching, drowsiness in children

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Triamcinolone (topical or nasal)

Brand: Kenalog (topical) Nasacort (nasal)

Class: corticosteroid

Indication: dermatitis (topical), allergic rhinitis (nasal)

MOA: decreases chemical mediators of inflammation by inducing phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitory proteins and inhibiting arachidonic acid release resulting in anti-inflammatory, antipruritic, and vasoconstrictive effects

ADR: local burning, itching, skin atrophy, secondary infection

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Hydrocortisone

Brand: Anusol-HC, Proctosol-HC

Class: corticosteroid

Indication: pruritis, dermatitis, hemorrhoids, UC

MOA: decreases chemical mediators of inflammation by inducing phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitory proteins and inhibiting arachidonic acid release resulting in anti-inflammatory, antipruritic, and vasoconstrictive effects

ADR: local burning, itching, skin atrophy, secondary infection

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Clobetasol (topical)

Brand: Temovate, Impoyz

Class: corticosteroid

Indication: psoriasis, dermatoses

MOA: decreases chemical mediators of inflammation by inducing phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitory proteins and inhibiting arachidonic acid release resulting in anti-inflammatory, antipruritic, and vasoconstrictive effects

ADR: local burning, itching, skin atrophy, secondary infection

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Empagliflozin

Brand: Jardiance

Class: SGLT2 inhibitor

Indication: T2DM, CKD, HF

MOA: inhibits sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) in the proximal renal tubules which reduces reabsorption of filtered glucose and lowers the renal threshold for glucose, which increases urinary glucose excretion

ADR: genital mycotic infections, UTIs, increased urination, rare hypotension

Renally dosed

Metformin

Brand: Glucophage, Glumetza, Riomet, Fortamet

Class: biguanide

Indication: T2DM

MOA: decreases hepatic glucose production, decreases intestinal absorption of glucose and improves insulin sensitivity

ADR: GI (N/V/D, flatulence, bloating), decreased vitamin B12 absorption, rare lactic acidosis

Renally and hepatically dosed

Glipizide

Brand: Glucotrol, Glucotrol XL

Class: sulfonylurea
Indication: T2DM

MOA: stimulates insulin release from the pancreas, reduces glucose output from the liver, and increases peripheral insulin sensitivy which decreases glucose levels

ADR: hypoglycemia

Renally and hepatically dosed

Glimepiride

Brand: Amaryl

Class: sulfonylurea

Indication: T2DM
MOA: stimulates insulin release from the pancreas, reduces glucose output from the liver, and increases peripheral insulin sensitivy which decreases glucose levels

ADR: hypoglycemia

Renally dosed

Pioglitazone

Brand: Actos

Class: thiazolidinediones

Indication: T2DM

MOA: binds to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR) which regulates insulin responsive genes, ultimately decreasing insulin resistance by improving target cell response to insulin

ADR: hypoglycemia, edema, increased bladder cancer risk (dose/time dependent)

Hepatically dosed

Insulin glargine

Brand: Basaglar, Lantus, Toujeo

Class: long acting insulin

Indication: T1DM, T2DM

MOA: promotes cellular uptake of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, and their conversion to glycogen, triglycerides, and proteins; ultimately regulates glucose levels

ADR: hypoglycemia, injection site pain/reaction, weight gain

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Insulin aspart

Brand: Novolog

Class: rapid acting insulin

Indication: T1DM, T2DM

MOA: promotes cellular uptake of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, and their conversion to glycogen, triglycerides, and proteins; ultimately regulates glucose levels

ADR: hypoglycemia, injection site pain/reaction, weight gain

Not renally or hepatically dosedADR:

Insulin lispro

Brand: Humalog

Class: rapid acting insulin
Indication: T1DM, T2DM

MOA: promotes cellular uptake of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, and their conversion to glycogen, triglycerides, and proteins; ultimately regulates glucose levels

ADR: hypoglycemia, injection site pain/reaction, weight gain

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Insulin degludec

Brand: Tresiba

Class: long acting insulin

Indication: T1DM, T2DM

MOA: promotes cellular uptake of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, and their conversion to glycogen, triglycerides, and proteins; ultimately regulates glucose levels

ADR: hypoglycemia, injection site pain/reaction, weight gain

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Hydrochlorothiazide

Brand: Microzide

Class: thiazide diuretic

Indication: edema, hypertension

MOA: inhibits sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule causing increased excretion of sodium and hydrogen ions

ADR: hypotension, electrolyte disturbances (hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hyponatremia, hypercalcemia, hyperuricemia/gout)

Renally dosed

Chlorthalidone

Brand: Hygroton

Class: thiazide diuretic

Indication: edema, hypertension

MOA: inhibits sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule causing increased excretion of sodium and hydrogen ions

ADR: hypotension, electrolyte disturbances (hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hyponatremia, hypercalcemia, hyperuricemia/gout)

Renally dosed

Triamterene/hydrochlorothiazide

Brand: Dyazide, Maxzide

Class: potassium sparing diuretic/thiazide diuretic

Indication: edema, hypertension

MOA: blocks epithelial sodium channels which inhibits sodium reabsoption, decreases the function of Na+/K+ ATPase, causing potassium retention and decreased Ca, Mg, and H excretion/ inhibits sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule causing increased excretion of sodium and hydrogen ions

ADR: hypotension, electrolyte disturbances (hyperkalemia or hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hyponatremia, hypercalcemia), hyperuricemia/gout

Renally dosed

Furosemide

Brand: Lasix

Class: loop diuretic

Indication: edema, hypertension, acute pulmonary edema

MOA: inhibits sodium and chloride reabsorption in the loop of Henle and interferes with chloride-binding cotransport system
ADR: fluid/electrolyte loss, increased urination, nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity

Renally dosed

Spironolactone

Brand: Aldactone

Class: potassium-sparing diuretic, aldosterone receptor antagonist, mineralcorticoid receptor antagonist

Indication: edema, hypertension, primary hyperaldosteronism

MOA: competes with aldosterone in distal convoluted renal tubule which increases sodium chloride and water excretion while conserving potassium and hydrogen ions

ADR: hyperkalemia, gynecomastia, menstrual irregularities

Renally dosed

Amlodipine

Brand: Norvasc
Class: DHP calcium channel blocker

Indication: angina, hypertension

MOA: calcium channel blocker that inhibits the influx of calcium across cell membranes in vascular smooth muscle causing vasodilation

ADR: peripheral edema, flushing, HA

Hepatically dosed

Nifedipine

Brand: Procardia, Nifedical XL, Adalat CC

Class: DHP calcium channel blocker

Indication: angina, hypertension

MOA: calcium channel blocker that inhibits the influx of calcium across cell membranes in vascular smooth muscle causing vasodilation
ADR: peripheral edema, flushing, HA

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Diltiazem

Brand: Cardizem (CD), Cartia, Dilacor, Dilt-XR, Tiazac

Class: non-DHP calcium channel blocker

Indication: angina, hypertension,arrhythmia (rate control)

MOA: calcium channel blocker that inhibits the influx of calcium across cell membranes in vascular smooth muscle causing slowing of the SA and AV node conduction

ADR: peripheral edema, bradycardia

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Verapamil

Brand: Isoptin, Calan, Verelan

Class: non-DHP calcium channel blocker

Indication: angina, hypertension,arrhythmia (rate control)

MOA: calcium channel blocker that inhibits the influx of calcium across cell membranes in vascular smooth muscle causing slowing of the SA and AV node conduction

ADR: peripheral edema, bradycardia

Hepatically dosed

Amlodipine/benazepril

Brand: Lotrel

Class: DHP calcium channel blocker/ACE-inhibitor

Indication: hypertension

MOA: calcium channel blocker that inhibits the influx of calcium across cell membranes in vascular smooth muscle causing vasodilation/inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme thus preventing conversion of angiotenin I to angiotensin II, ultimately reducing aldosterone secretion and increasing plasma renin activity

ADR: peripheral edema, flushing, HA/cough, angioedema

Both renally and hepatically dosed

Atorvastatin

Brand: Lipitor

Class: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor

Indication: dyslipidemia, primary or secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)

MOA: competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis which causes a reduction in total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, and increases HDL

ADR: constipation, dyspepsia, myalgia

Renally dosed

Simvastatin

Brand: Zocor

Class: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor

Indication: dyslipidemia, primary or secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)

MOA: competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis which causes a reduction in total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, and increases HDL

ADR: constipation, dyspepsia, myalgia

Renally dosed

Rosuvastatin

Brand: Crestor

Class: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor

Indication: dyslipidemia, primary or secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)

MOA: competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis which causes a reduction in total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, and increases HDL

ADR: constipation, dyspepsia, myalgia

Renally and hepatically dosed

Pravastatin

Brand: Pravachol

Class: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor

Indication: dyslipidemia, primary or secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)

MOA: competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis which causes a reduction in total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, and increases HDL

ADR: constipation, dyspepsia, myalgia

Renally and hepatically dosed

Lovastatin

Brand: Mevacor, Altoprev

Class: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor

Indication: dyslipidemia, primary or secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)

MOA: competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis which causes a reduction in total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, and increases HDL

ADR: constipation, dyspepsia, myalgia

Renally and hepatically dosed

Ezetimibe

Brand: Zetia

Class: A2-Azetidinone

Indication: dyslipidemia, primary or secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)

MOA: inhibits cholesterol absorption in the small intestine which decreases LDL, total cholesterol, and triglycerides and increases HDL

ADR: myalgia, elevated liver transaminases, arthraliga

Hepatically dosed

Omega 3 ethyl esters

Brand: Lovaza

Class: omega 3 fatty acid

Indication: dyslipidemia, primary or secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)

MOA: not completely understood, causes reduction in hepatic production of triglyceride-rich VLDL, mainly lowering triglycerides

ADR: belching, dyspepsia, bad taste

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Fenofibrate

Brand: Tricor

Class: fibric acid

Indication: hypertriglyceridemia

MOA: activates peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-a (PPARa) which increases lipolysis and elimination of triglyceride rich particles, lowering total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides

ADR: myalgia, rash, elevated liver transaminases

Renally and hepatically dosed

Semaglutide

Brand: Ozempic, Rybelsus (PO), w Wegovy

Class: GLP-1 receptor agonist

Indication: T2DM, CKD, weight management (Wegovy)

MOA: agonizes glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor, which increases glucose-dependent insulin secretion, decreases inappropriate glucagon secretion, slows gastric emptying, and increases satiety

ADR: GI, rare pancreatitis, renal impairment, medually thyroid carcinoma

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Liraglutide

Brand: Victoza, Saxenda

Class: GLP-1 receptor agonist

Indication: T2DM, weight management (Saxenda)

MOA: agonizes glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor, which increases glucose-dependent insulin secretion, decreases inappropriate glucagon secretion, slows gastric emptying, and increases satiety

ADR: GI, rare pancreatitis, renal impairment, medually thyroid carcinoma

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Dulaglutide

Brand: Trulicity

Class: GLP-1 receptor agonist

Indication: T2DM

MOA: agonizes glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor, which increases glucose-dependent insulin secretion, decreases inappropriate glucagon secretion, slows gastric emptying, and increases satiety

ADR: GI, rare pancreatitis, renal impairment, medually thyroid carcinoma

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Tirzepatide

Brand: Mounjaro, Zepbound

Class: GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist

Indication: T2DM, obstructive sleep apnea, weight management (Zepbound)

MOA: agonizes glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors,which increases glucose-dependent insulin secretion, decreases inappropriate glucagon secretion, slows gastric emptying, and increases satiety

ADR: GI, rare pancreatitis, renal impairment, medually thyroid carcinoma

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Benazepril

Brand: Lotensin

Class: ACE-I

Indication: HTN, HF, proteinuria

MOA: inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme thus preventing conversion of angiotenin I to angiotensin II, ultimately reducing aldosterone secretion and increasing plasma renin activity

ADR: cough, angioedema, HA

Renally dosed

Lisinopril

Brand: Prinivil, Zestril

Class: ACE-I

Indication: HTN, HF, proteinuria

MOA: inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme thus preventing conversion of angiotenin I to angiotensin II, ultimately reducing aldosterone secretion and increasing plasma renin activity

ADR: cough, angioedema, HA

Renally dosed

Lisinopril/hydrochlorothiazide

Brand: Zestoretic, Prinzide

Class: ACE-I/thiazide diuretic

Indication: HTN, HF, proteinuria

MOA: inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme thus preventing conversion of angiotenin I to angiotensin II, ultimately reducing aldosterone secretion and increasing plasma renin activity/inhibits sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule causing increased excretion of sodium and hydrogen ions

ADR: cough, angioedema, HA, hypotension, electrolyte disturbances (hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hyponatremia, hypercalcemia), hyperuricemia/gout

Renally dosed

Ramipril

Brand: Altace

Class: ACE-I

Indication: HTN, HF, proteinuria

MOA: inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme thus preventing conversion of angiotenin I to angiotensin II, ultimately reducing aldosterone secretion and increasing plasma renin activity

ADR: cough, angioedema, HA

Renally dosed

Olmesartan

Brand: Benicar

Class: ARB

Indication: HTN, HF, proteinuria

MOA: competitive antagonism of angiotensin II receptor blocks vasoconstriction, aldosterone secretion, sympathetic outflow, and renal sodium reabsorption

ADR: dizziness, increased BUN, hyperkalemia

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Losartan

Brand: Cozaar

Class: ARB

Indication: HTN, HF, proteinuria

MOA: competitive antagonism of angiotensin II receptor blocks vasoconstriction, aldosterone secretion, sympathetic outflow, and renal sodium reabsorption

ADR: dizziness, increased BUN, hyperkalemia

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Valsartan

Brand: Diovan

Class: ARB

Indication: HTN, HF, proteinuria

MOA: competitive antagonism of angiotensin II receptor blocks vasoconstriction, aldosterone secretion, sympathetic outflow, and renal sodium reabsorption

ADR: dizziness, increased BUN, hyperkalemia

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Irbesartan

Brand: Avapro

Class: ARB

Indication: HTN, HF, proteinuria

MOA: competitive antagonism of angiotensin II receptor blocks vasoconstriction, aldosterone secretion, sympathetic outflow, and renal sodium reabsorption

ADR: dizziness, increased BUN, hyperkalemia

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide

Brand: Diovan-HCT

Class: ARB/thiazide diuretic

Indication: HTN, HF, proteinuria

MOA: competitive antagonism of angiotensin II receptor blocks vasoconstriction, aldosterone secretion, sympathetic outflow, and renal sodium reabsorption/inhibits sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule causing increased excretion of sodium and hydrogen ions

ADR: dizziness, increased BUN, hyperkalemia/hypotension, electrolyte disturbances (hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hyponatremia, hypercalcemia), hyperuricemia/gout

Renally dosed

Losartan/hydrochlorothiazide

Brand: Hyzaar

Class: ARB/thiazide diuretic

Indication: HTN, HF, proteinuria

MOA: competitive antagonism of angiotensin II receptor blocks vasoconstriction, aldosterone secretion, sympathetic outflow, and renal sodium reabsorption/inhibits sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule causing increased excretion of sodium and hydrogen ions

ADR: dizziness, increased BUN, hyperkalemia/hypotension, electrolyte disturbances (hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hyponatremia, hypercalcemia), hyperuricemia/gout

Renally dosed

Nitrofurantoin

Brand: Macrobid

Class: antibiotic

Indication: UTI

MOA: inhibits acetyl-coenzyme A which interferes with carbohydrate metabolism in bacteria

ADR: N/V

Metronidazole

Brand: Flagyl

Class: nitroimidazole

Indication: bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, anaerobic infections

MOA: reduced to unstable compounds which bind to DNA and cause strand breakage and cell death

ADR: N/D, HA, vaginitis, rare disulfiram like reactions (with alcohol ingestion)

Hepatically dosed

Benzonatate

Brand: Tessalon

Class: antitussive

Indication: cough suppressant

MOA: reduces the cough reflex by anesthetizing the stretch receptors in respiratory passages

ADR: rare hypersensitivty reactions, visual hallucinations

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Fluconazole

Brand: Diflucan

Class: azole antifungal

Indication: candida (fungus) infection, cryptococcus (fungus) meningitis

MOA: interferes with fungal CYP450 activity which decreases ergosterol synthesis and inhibits cell membrane formation

ADR: N/V, HA, rare skin rash, hepatotoxicity, QT prolongation

Renally dosed

Ketoconazole

Brand: Nizoral (topical)

Class: imidazole antifungal agent

Indication: Oral: Fungal infections (due to Candida, blastomycosis, coccidiomycosis, histoplasmosis, etc.)

Cream/topical: tinea infections (superficial fungal infections of the skin, nails), seborrheic dermatitis

Shampoo: dandruff

MOA: interferes with fungal CYP450 activity which decreases ergosterol synthesis and inhibits cell membrane formation

ADR: N/V, HA, rare skin rash, hepatotoxicity, QT prolongation

Hepatically dosed

Oseltamivir

Brand: Tamiflu

Class: neuraminidase inhibitor (antiviral agent)

Indication: influenza

MOA: a prodrug; its active form inhibits influenza virus neuraminidase, which is an enzyme that cleaves the budding viral progeny from its attachment point

ADR: N/V, rare anaphylaxid or serious skin reactions

Renally dosed

Valacyclovir

Brand: Valtrex

Class: antiviral agent

Indication: genital herpes, shingles, cold sores, chickenpox

MOA: prodrug of acyclovir; inhibits DNA synthesis and viral replication by competing with deoxyguanosine triphosphate and incorporating into viral DNA to terminate the chain

ADR: N/V, HA, rash

Renally dosed

Acyclovir

Brand: Zovirax

Class: antiviral agent

Indication: genital herpes, shingles, cold sores, chicken pox

MOA: inhibits DNA synthesis and viral replication by competing with deoxyguanosine triphosphate and incorporating into viral DNA to terminate the chain

ADR: N/V, HA, rash

Renally dosed

Amoxicillin

Brand: Amoxil, Trimox

Class: penicillin antibiotic

Indication: pharyngitis/tonsilitis, otitis media, LRTIs, skin and skin structure infections, UTI

MOA: inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins which inhibits the final step of peptidoglycan synthesis in cell walls

ADR: diarrhea, nausea, rash

Renally dosed

Piperacillin/tazobactam

Brand: Zosyn

Class: penicillin antibiotic

Indication: intra-abdominal infections, LRTIs, serious or severe skin and skin structure infections

MOA: inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins which inhibits the final step of peptidoglycan synthesis in cell walls/inhibits beta-lactamases that inactivate piperacillin

ADR: diarrhea, nausea, rare C diff infection, hematologic toxicity

Renally dosed

Amoxicillin/clavulanate

Brand: Augmentin

Class: penicillin antibiotic

Indication: otitis media, URTIs, LRTIs, skin and skin structure infections, UTI

MOA: inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins which inhibits the final step of peptidoglycan synthesis in cell walls/inhibits beta-lactamases that inactivate amoxicillin

ADR: diarrhea, nausea, rash

Renally dosed

Azithromycin

Brand: Zithromax, Zmax

Class: macrolide antibiotic

Indication: URTIs, STIs, otitis media, pharyngitis/tonsilitis, pelvic inflammatory disease

MOA: binds to 50s ribosomal subunit of bacteria which suppresses RNA-dependent protein synthesis

ADR: N/V/D, dermatologic reactions, QT prolongation

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Doxycycline

Brand: Vibramycin

Class: tetracycline antibiotic

Indication: STIs, acne, skin and soft tissue infections, LRTIs, lyme disease, rocky mountain spotted fever

MOA: binds to 30s ribosomal subunit which prevents bacterial protein synthesis

ADR: diarrhea, photosensitivity, discoloration of forming teeth, rare esophageal injry, c diff infection

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Cefdinir

Brand: Omnicef

Class: cephalosporin antibiotic (3rd gen)

Indication: URTId, LRTId, pharyngitis/tonsilitis, skin and skin structure infections, otitis media

MOA: inhibits cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins to inhibit the final step of peptidoglycan synthesis

ADR: diarrhea, rare c diff infection, hypersensitivity

Renally dosed

Ceftriaxone

Brand: Rocephin

Class: cephalosporin antibiotic (3rd gen)

Indication: bloodstream infection, bone and joint infections, intra-abdominal infection, LRTIs, acute otitis media, skin and soft tissue infections, STIs

MOA: inhibits cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins to inhibit the final step of peptidoglycan synthesis

ADR: diarrhea, rare c diff infection, hypersensitivity

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Cephalexin

Brand: Keflex

Class: cephalosporin antibiotic (1st gen)

Indication: pharyngitis, skin and skin structure infections, UTI

MOA: inhibits cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins to inhibit the final step of peptidoglycan synthesis

ADR: diarrhea, rare c diff infection, hypersensitivity

Renally adjusted

Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim

Brand: Bactrim, Septra

Class: sulfonamide antibiotic

Indication: LRTIs, UTI, skin and soft tissue infections

MOA: interferes with bacterial folic acid synthesis by inhibiting para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA)/blocks the production of tetrahydrofolic acid by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase

ADR: nausea, diarrhea, rare Stevens-Johnson-Syndrome, hyperkalemia, hypoglycemia, hemolytic anemia (in G6PD deficiency)

Renally adjusted

Ciprofloxacin

Brand: Cipro

Class: fluoroquinolone antibiotic

Indication: infectious diarrhea, UTI, skin and skin structure infections, bone and joint infections, intra-abdominal infections

MOA: interferes with DNA gyrase to inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis

ADR: N/V/D, rare arthralgia, myalgia, tendonopathy, QT prolongation, renal/hepatic/dermatologic/hematologic toxicity

Renally dosed

Clindamycin

Brand: Cleocin

Class: lincosamide antibiotic

Indication: skin ans soft tissue infections, intrabdominal infections

MOA: binds to 50s ribosomal subunit to prevent peptide bond formation and inhibit bacterial protein synthesis

ADR: N/V/D, rash, rare c diff infection

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Vancomycin

Brand: Firvanq, Vancocin HCI, Vancosol Pack

Class: glycopeptide antibiotic

Indication: C diff infection, endocarditis, enterocolitis, serious or severe blood stream infections, bone infections, LRTIs, and skin and skin structure infections

MOA: inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by blocking glycopeptide polymerization by binding to D-alanyl-D-alanine

ADR: N/V/D, nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity

Renally adjusted

Albuterol

Brand: Proventil, Ventolin, Proair

Class: beta-2 agonist

Indication: asthma (acute exacerbation therapy), exercise induced asthma (preventative therapy)

MOA: stimulates adenyl cyclase which causes the formation of cAMP which causes relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle

ADR: pharyngitis, tachycardia, nervousness, tremor

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Fluticasone (inhalation)

Brand: Flovent

Class: corticosteroid

Indication: asthma (maintenance therapy)

MOA: decreases chemical mediators of inflammation by inducing phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitory proteins and inhibiting arachidonic acid release resulting in anti-inflammatory effects

ADR: pharyngeal candidiasis

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Fluticasone (nasal)

Brand: Flonase

Class: corticosteroid

Indication: rhinitis

MOA: decreases chemical mediators of inflammation by inducing phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitory proteins and inhibiting arachidonic acid release resulting in anti-inflammatory effects

ADR: nasal burning, epistaxis, pharyngitis

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Budesonide/formoterol

Brand: Symbicort

Class: corticosteroid/beta-2 agonist

Indication: asthma and COPD maintenance therapy

MOA: decreases chemical mediators of inflammation by inducing phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitory proteins and inhibiting arachidonic acid release resulting in anti-inflammatory effects/selectively agonizes B2 receptots causing bronchial smooth muscle relaxation

ADR: URTIs, pharyngeal candidiasis

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Fluticasone/vilanterol

Brand: Breo Ellipta

Class: corticosteroid/beta-2 agonist

Indication: asthma and COPD maintenance therapy

MOA: decreases chemical mediators of inflammation by inducing phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitory proteins and inhibiting arachidonic acid release resulting in anti-inflammatory effects/selectively agonizes B2 receptots causing bronchial smooth muscle relaxation

ADR: URTIs, pharyngeal candidiasis

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Fluticasone/salmeterol

Brand: Advair

Class: corticosteroid/beta-2 agonist

Indication: asthma and COPD maintenance therapy

MOA: decreases chemical mediators of inflammation by inducing phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitory proteins and inhibiting arachidonic acid release resulting in anti-inflammatory effects/selectively agonizes B2 receptots causing bronchial smooth muscle relaxation

ADR: URTIs, pharyngeal candidiasis

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Albuterol/ipratropium

Brand: Combivent Respimat

Class: beta-2 agonist/anticholinergic agent

Indication: asthma and COPD acute exacerbation therapy

MOA: stimulates adenyl cyclase which causes the formation of cAMP which causes relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle/inhibits action of acetylcholine at type 3 muscarinic receptors to cause bronchodilation

ADR: pharyngitis, tachycardia, nervousness, tremor/bronchitis, URTIs

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Tiotropium

Brand: Spiriva

Class: anticholinergic agent

Indication: COPD maintenance therapy

MOA: inhibits action of acetylcholine at type 3 muscarinic receptors to cause bronchodilation

ADR: bronchitis, URTIs

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Montelukast

Brand: Singulair

Class: leukotreine receptor antagonist

Indication: asthma (maintenance therapy), seasonal and allergic rhinitis

MOA: inhibits cysteinyl leukotreine receptor to reduce inflammation in the lungs and asthma symptoms

ADR: well tolerated, rare psychiatric disorders

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Levocetirizine

Brand: Xyzal

Class: 2nd generation antihistamine

Indication: allergic rhinitis, urticaria

MOA: selectively antagonizes peripheral histamine H1-receptors

ADR: drowsiness, fatigue, headache

Renally dosed

Loratadine

Brand: Claritin

Class: 2nd generation antihistamine

Indication: allergic rhinitis, urticaria

MOA: selectively antagonizes peripheral histamine H1-receptors

ADR: drowsiness, fatigue, headache

Renally dosed

Hydroxyzine

Brand: Atarax, Vistaril

Class: 1st generation antihistamine

Indication: anxiety, pruritis

MOA: antagonizes H1-receptors; has additional action at dopaminergic, muscarinic, and serotonergic (5HT2) receptors

ADR: drowsiness, dry mouth

Renally dosed

Allopurinol

Brand: Zyloprim

Class: xanthine oxidase inhibitor/antigout agent

Indication: gout (including prevention), nephrolithiasis prevention, tumor lysis syndrome prevention

MOA: inhibits xanthine oxidase which is the enzyme responsible for the conversion of hypoxanthine to uric acid

ADR: rash, gout attack, N/V/D

Renally dosed

Alendronate

Brand: Fosamax

Class: bisphosphonate derivative

Indication: osteoporosis (including prevention), Paget disease

MOA: adheres to sites of bone resorption to inhibit osteoclast activity; causes decrease in bone turnover

ADR: GI, musculoskeletal pain, rare irritation of upper GI mucosa and focal osteonecrosis

Renally dosed

Mesalamine

Brand: Canasa, Rowasa, Pentasa

Class: 5-aminosalicylic acid derivative

Indication: Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis

MOA: unknown but likely due to impact on chemical mediators of the inflammatory response at the area of application

ADR: abdominal pain, constipation, belching, headache

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Methotrexate

Brand: Trexall

Class: antineoplastic, antimetabolite (antifolate), antirheumatic, immunosuppressant agent

Indication: oncologic conditions, psoriasis, RA

MOA: inhibits dihydrofolate reductase to interfere with DNA synthesis, repair, and cellular replication

ADR: N/V, myelosuppression, alopecia, stomatitis, photosensitivity, rash, rare nephrotoxicity or hepatotoxicity, opportunistic infections, secondary malignancies

Renally and hepatically dosed

Hydroxychloroquine

Brand: Plaquenil

Class: aminoquinoline

Indication: malaria (including prevention), lupus erythematosus, RA

MOA: exact MOA unknown, potentially interferes with functions of select parasites

ADR: visual disturbances, blood dyscrasis, nausea

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Prednisone

Brand: Deltasone

Class: corticosteroid

Indication: anti-inflammatory and/or immunosuppressive agent used for a variety of conditions

MOA: decreases chemical mediators of inflammation by inducing phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitory proteins and inhibiting arachidonic acid release resulting in anti-inflammatory, antipruritic, and vasoconstrictive effects

ADR: short-term: GI, mood changes, hyperglycemia, weight gain, HTN; long-term: osteoporosis, increased infection risk, adrenal suppression

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Prednisolone

Brand: Millipred, Orapred, Pediapred, Veripred

Class: corticosteroid

Indication: anti-inflammatory and/or immunosuppressive agent used for a variety of conditions

MOA: decreases chemical mediators of inflammation by inducing phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitory proteins and inhibiting arachidonic acid release resulting in anti-inflammatory, antipruritic, and vasoconstrictive effects

ADR: short-term: GI, mood changes, hyperglycemia, weight gain, HTN; long-term: osteoporosis, increased infection risk, adrenal suppression

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Methylprednisolone

Brand: Medrol

Class: corticosteroid

Indication: anti-inflammatory and/or immunosuppressive agent used for a variety of conditions

MOA: decreases chemical mediators of inflammation by inducing phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitory proteins and inhibiting arachidonic acid release resulting in anti-inflammatory, antipruritic, and vasoconstrictive effects

ADR: short-term: GI, mood changes, hyperglycemia, weight gain, HTN; long-term: osteoporosis, increased infection risk, adrenal suppression

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Sumatriptan

Brand: Imitrex

Class: serotonin 5-HT receptor agonist

Indication: migraines, cluster headaches

MOA: selective serotonin agonist that causes vasoconstriction that reduces neurogenic inflammation

ADR: tingling, lightheadedness, muscle weakness, dizziness, drowsiness

Hepatically dosed

Rizatriptan

Brand: Maxalt

Class: serotonin 5-HT receptor agonist

Indication: migraines

MOA: selective serotonin agonist that causes vasoconstriction that reduces neurogenic inflammation

ADR: tingling, lightheadedness, muscle weakness, dizziness, drowsiness

Not renally or epatically dosed

Testosterone

Brand: Androderm, Androgel, Fortesta, Testim

Class: androgen

Indication: delayed puberty, hypogonadism

MOA: principle androgen responsible for promoting growth of male sex organs; forms a hormone-receptor complex

ADR: increased PSA, emotional lability, HTN

Not renally or hepatically dosed

Progesterone

Brand: Prometrium

Class: progestin

Indication: abnormal uterine bleeding, endometrial hyperplasia (prevention)

MOA: steroid hormone that induces secretory changes in endometrium, relaxes uterine smooth muscle, blocks folliular maturation and ovulation, and maintains pregnancy

ADR: weight change, HA, amenorrhea, breast tenderness, abdominal pain, rare thromboembolic events, osteoporosis

Hepatically dosed

Estradiol (oral, topical, vaginal)

Brand: topical patches: Vivelle-Dot, Alora, Climara

tablets: Estrace; cream: Estrace

Divigel, Femring vaginal insert, Estring vaginal insert, Vagifem suppository

Class: estrogen derivative

Indication: Systemic: menopause symptoms (vasomotor, vaginal/vulvar atrophy); hypoestrogenism; breast cancer

Topical/Vaginal: menopause symptoms (vaginal/vulvar atrophy)

MOA: responsible for development and maintenance of female reproductive system; modulates pituitary secretion of gonadotropins, LH, and FSH

ADR: weight change, N/V, breast tenderness, mood change; rare- thromboembolic events, heart disease, breast/endometrial/ovarian cancer

Hepatically dosed

Ethinyl estradiol/norethindrone

Brand: Loestrin FE, Microgestin FE, Junel FE

Class: estrogen and progestin combination

Indication: acne, contraception, menopause symptoms (vasomotor)

MOA: inhibits ovulation via a negative feedback mechanism which alters gonadotropin secretion of FSH and LH; alters cervical mucus

ADR: nausea, headache, menstrual irregularities, breast tenderness; rare- thromboembolic events

Hepatically dosed

Ethinyl estradiol/norgestimate

Brand: Ortho-Cyclen, Sprintec, Tri-Cyclen, TriSprintec, Trinessa

Class: estrogen and progestin combination

Indication: acne, contraception

MOA: inhibits ovulation via a negative feedback mechanism which alters gonadotropin secretion of FSH and LH; alters cervical mucus

ADR: nausea, headache, menstrual irregularities, breast tenderness; rare- thromboembolic events

Hepatically dosed

Ethinyl estradioll/levonorgestrel

Brand: Alesse, Triphasil

Class: estrogen and progestin combination

Indication: contraception (including emergency contraception)

MOA: inhibits ovulation via a negative feedback mechanism which alters gonadotropin secretion of FSH and LH; alters cervical mucus

ADR: nausea, headache, menstrual irregularities, breast tenderness; rare- thromboembolic events

Hepatically dosed

Drospirenone/ethinyl estradiol

Brand: Yasmin, Zarah, Syeda, Ocella

Class: estrogen and progestin combination

Indication: acne, contraception, premenstural dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

MOA: inhibits ovulation via a negative feedback mechanism which alters gonadotropin secretion of FSH and LH; alters cervical mucus

ADR: nausea, headache, menstrual irregularities, breast tenderness; rare- thromboembolic events

Both renally and hepatically dosed

Desogestrel/ethinyl estradiol

Brand: Apri, Caziant, Ortho Cept

Class: estrogen and progestin combination

Indication: contraception

MOA: inhibits ovulation via a negative feedback mechanism which alters gonadotropin secretion of FSH and LH; alters cervical mucus

ADR: nausea, headache, menstrual irregularities, breast tenderness; rare- thromboembolic events

Hepatically dosed