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What happened to the level of conformity when there were 3 confederates (asch)
Rose to 31.8%
What happened to the level of conformity when there were more than three confederates (asch)
Little difference
Weaknesses (asch)
lack of ecological validity
Androcentric bias
Unethical- participants were decieved
demand characteristics
what percentage of people never conformed? (asch)
25%
What was the conformity rate when one confederate agreed with participant? (asch)
5.5%
what was the conformity when one confederate disagreed with the group? (asch)
5.5%
deindividuation (zimbardo)
loss of identity and inhibition
ethical concerns (zimbardo)
withdrawal rights
- prisoners forgot that they could leave
informed consent
-didn't know the experiment would escalate to the point of abuse that it did
do no harm
- were psychologically harmed
when did the experiment occur (zimbardo)
1973
How much were they paid a day? (zimbardo)
$15
How many days until the prisoners rebelled (zimbardo)
2
Characteristics of rebellion from prisoners (zimbardo)
Swore at guards
Ripped their uniform
Hunger strike
Characteristics of harassment from guards (zimbardo)
Head counts at early hours of the morning
Punishments such as the hole
Sexual Humiliation
How many prisoners released (zimbardo)
3
Positive Evaluation points (zimbardo)
Methodically good
- Highly controlled and random selection effective
What were 15v 300v and 450v labelled? (Milgram)
15v - slight shock
450v - danger severe shock
300v - intense shock
What did the learner do at 300v? (Milgram)
Banged on wall and gave no response to next question.
What did the learner do at 315v?(Milgram)
Banged on the wall but gave no further answers.
How many participants stopped below 300v? (Milgram)
0
How many participants stopped at 300v? (Milgram)
12.5%
How many continued to the highest, 450v? (Milgram)
65%
Examples of qualitative data collected (Milgram)
sweating, trembling, biting their lips
3 had seizures
Strengths of milgram's study
Good external validity
- similar to a real life authority relationships
Supporting replication
- Game of death participants went too 450v 80% of time
how many went up to 450v with the location change (Milgram)
47.5%
how many went up to 450v with the learner and teacher in the same room? (Milgram)
40%
how many went up to 450v with the teacher putting the learner's hand on a plate? (Milgram)
30%
Strengths of Milgram's variable studies
Research support
- Bickman's uniform experiment
Cross-cultural support
- Spanish students had similar responses.
Weaknesses of Milgram's variable studies
Low internal validity
- The extra changes made it even less believable
Socially sensitive
- Obedience alibi.
Strengths of authoritarian personality
Research support
- Milgram found people who obeyed most had these characteristics
Weaknesses of the authoritarian personality
Politically inaccurate
- shown to be extremes on both sides of political spectrum not just right
Poor explanation
- Social Identity better explanation
Poor methodological issues
- Based on leading questions
What is an autonomous state?
Where you are acting on your own opinion and are aware that you are responsible for your actions
What is the agentic shift?
The movement from an autonomous state to being in an agentic one.
What causes the agentic shift?
When the person percieves another to be in charge or more powerful than them.
what are binding factors?
Aspects of situations that allow the person to ignore the moral strain being caused by their actions
Examples of binding factors
- Shifting responsibility to the victim
- Denying the harm they have done.
Strengths of the Agentic state
Research support
- When shown Milgram's study people said ti was the experimenter's fault showing how people view the responsibility as not on the person but whoever instructed them to do it.
Weaknesses of the agentic state
Limited explanation
- Does not explain why some disobey
Alibi
- Makes prosecution hard as people can just claim they were simply acting on others orders.
what are the two types of resistance to social influence?
social support
locus of control
How does social support effect obedience?
Obedience drops dramatically when there is another person present who is not obeying.
milgrams rate of obedience dropped from 65% to 10% when the participant was joined by a non obeying individual
Strengths of social support
Research support - Conformity
- Allen and Levine recreated Asch's study and found there was still lower levels of conformity even when the person was clearly wrong showing it is the person aiding
Research support - Obedience
- Gamson put people into groups to create a smear campaign for an oil refinery. 88% rebelled showing being in groups aids rebelling.
What is locus of control?
What people think directs their lives.
What sort of scale is LOC measured on?
A conitinumn, you can be anywhere on a spectrum within LOC with internal and external at each end.
Strengths of LOC
Research support
- Holland found within Milgrams study less internal people went to to the full voltage in comparison to externals
Weaknesses of LOC
Contradictory research
- Twenge found america has got less obedient but more external with their LOC
poor role of LOC
- Rotter stated it only plays a part in novel situations not ones that are familiar to us.
What type of conformity is minority influence most likely to achieve?
Internalisation
What are the two types of consistency?
Synchronic
Diachronic
What is meant by synchronic consistency?
All members saying the same thing
What is meant by Diachronic consistency?
Saying the same thing for a long period of time
Strengths of minority influence
Research support for consistency
- moscovici's slide study shows consistency matters
Research support for depth of thought
- Martin et al study showed people engaged more with minority ideas.
Weaknesses of minority influence
Artificial tasks
- Tasks such as the slide colour one lack external validity and it is hard to say whether it is really like that outside
Limited real world application
- Real world much more subtle than studies so therefore hard to apply and see.
What are the steps of minority influence for social change?
1) Draw attention
2) Consistency
3) Deeper processing
4) Augmentation principle
5) Snowball effect
6) Social cryptonesia
What is done in the step deeper processing?
People who used to think the way the majority did start to think about the minorities opinion.
How can conformity be applied to social change?
Shows the effect that dissent has on the changing of opinions.
Shows how normative social influence can be used to get peole to change their ways.
Strengths of theory of social change
Research support for normative influence
- Nolan put up signs saying most people reduced their energy and it led to significant reduction in energy usage.
Weaknesses of theory of social change
Minority influence only effective indirectly
- The impact of the minority is indirect and delayed meaning its effects are fragile.
The majority may be deeper processed.
- Due to us wanting to understand why most think differently to us.
Methodological issues
- The studies that this theory is based off are rather unsound in their methodology.
What are the three types of conformity?
Internalisation
Compliance
Identification
What are the characteristics of identification?
Publicly change our opinion even if privately not fully convinced as you value the opinions of the group
What is meant by normative social influence?
We conform due to wish for acceptance from the group
What are weaknesses of explanations for conformity?
Individual differences
Both work at the same time
What are the three types of long term memory?
Episodic
Semantic
Procedural
What are the characteristics of episodic memory?
-Memory of events such as birthday parties
- Time-stamped so you are aware of when they happened.
- You have to actively try and recall the event.
What are the characteristics of semantic memory?
- Memory of meaning and what things are
- Eg understanding what a chair is.
- No need to try and recall the information
- No emotion is linked to these memories
How is the sensory register coded?
Modality specific
What is the duration of information in the sensory register
250 milliseconds
how is information in the short term memory coded?
Acoustically
What is the duration of information in the short term memory?
18-30 seconds
What was Asch looking into?
If participants would conform to the majority.
How many participants were there (asch)
123
How many confederates in one group (asch)
6-8
How many out of the 18 trials did the confederates have to give the wrong answer? (asch)
12
How often did the naive participant give the wrong answer? (asch)
36.8% of the time
How many people conformed at least once (asch)
75%
What explanation of conformity applied to the participants (asch)
Normative social influence
Weaknesses (asch)
Child of its time
Artificial situation and task
Limited application of findings
Effect of the presence of a dissenter (asch)
Level of conformity decreased to 25%
What explanation of conformity plays a bigger part when the talks becomes more difficult? (asch)
Informative social influence
What happened when the task became more difficult? (asch)
Conformity increased
Unethical variables (asch)
Protection from harm (embarrassment)
Deception
in what year was the study done? (asch)
1956
what happened to conformity when the task difficulty increased? (asch)
conformity increased.
aim (zimbardo)
To investigate how people conform to their given social roles (guard/prisoner)
participants (zimbardo)
24 US male uni students who were mentally stable (chosen from 75)
setting (zimbardo)
basement of psychology building in stanford uni
method (zimbardo)
zimbardo advertised for participants and selected 24.
randomly assigned to be prisoners or guards.
guards given uniform.
prisoners picked up in police car and taken to mock prison.
prisoners went through simulation of real prison.
guards took on the roles and enforced prison rules.
prisoners became depressed and rebelled against guards on 2nd day.
experiment stopped after 6 days because of the psychological harm it was having on some participants.
outcome of the study (zimbardo)
the simulation became so real, and the guards became so abusive, that the experiment was stopped after 6 days
how the guards behaved (zimbardo)
abusive, demanding, authoritative, machiavellian, brutish, sadistic, domineering
how the prisoners behaved (zimbardo)
submissive, cowardly, zombie-like, depressed, mentally unstable, hysterical
planned duration of experiment (zimbardo)
2 weeks
actual duration of experiment (zimbardo)
6 days
recruitment of participants (zimbardo)
newspaper advertisements
Prisoner uniform: (zimbardo)
Smocks, with numbers
Negative Evaluation points (zimbardo)
Unethical
- Broke several of the ethical guidelines
Lacks ecological validity
- Guards were just basing their act on films
Role of dispositional influences
- Undervalues effect of people's personalities
Who was in Milgram's study?
40 male's between the ages 20 and 50
How did Milgram recruit people to his study?
Through newspaper ad's and flyers
Method of Milgram
- Met Mr Wallace and randomly assigned whether they were to be teacher or learner.
- Random assignment rigged so participants always teachers.
- the learner was strapped into electrodes and the teacher was told to electrocute them everytime they got the word pair wrong
- The electricity started at 15v and went up to 450v.
- The teacher was told to raise the voltage each time he got it wrong.
- There were four prods from the experimenter to keep the teacher going
What were the four prompts? (Milgram)
1) please continue
2) The experiment requires that you continue.
3) It is absolutely essential that you continue
4) You have no other choice, you must go on.
Good ethical points within the study (Milgram)
- right to withdraw
- debriefed
Weaknesses of Milgrams study
Low internal validity
- Participants are said to have guessed it was fake
Ethically poor
- There was deception and harm to the participants.
What variables did Milgram test?
1) Location
2) Uniform
3) proximity
How did they test location? (Milgram)
Changed location to a run down office block
