Bio Assessment 2 Test ?'s

Patient question with something wrong with cellular respiration cycle:

electron transport chain is affected/messes up

What organelle performs cellular respiration?

mitochondria

which of the following organism(s) would NOT perform cellular respiration?

viruses

When you exhale, what two stages of cellular respiration produce the carbon dioxide you are breathing out?

preparatory reaction and citric acid cycle

what is the preferred source of fuel for cell respiration?

carbohydrates

Which molecule is the primary energy currency of all cells?

ATP

In which step of cellular respiration is oxygen used?

Electron Transport Chain

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

to release chemical energy stored in sugar so our cells can use it

Which step of cellular respiration produces the MOST ATP?

Electron Transport Chain

How can macromolecules other than sugar be used by our cells to make energy?

They are broken down into intermediates and enter cell respiration ayt various steps

Which type of cell respiration can produce wine and beer?

anaerobic

Where does the electron transport chain occur?

inner membrane of mitochondria

What is different about prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA?

Prokaryotic DNA is not associated with histones; eukaryotic DNA is

After which cell cycle checkpoint can a cell exit the cell cycle and enter the G0 phase if the proper signals are not met?

G1 Checkpoint

Which statement is correct regarding mitosis in humans?

All of your somatic cells, except mature muscle and most mature nervous cells, undergo mitosis

A cell that completes the cell cycle without undergoing cytokinesis would:

have two nuclei

You find an unknown prokaryotic cell from the soil and look at it under the microscope. It is dividing into two cells. Why might it be doing this process?

reproduction

Mitosis produces daughter cells that

have the same number of chromosomes as the original parent cell

Which of the following is a correct description of the structire of DNA in human cells?

DNA has a double-stranded, twisted structure

Every time a cell divides, the ___ get shorter

telomeres

During which phase of mitosis does the nuclear envelope reform and spindle fibers disappear?

telophase

Which statement best describes why two individuals with the same type of cancer might not have the same success with the same treatment?

Different mutations can lead to the same type of cancer

Suppose you have lung cancer. Can you pass this lung cancer to your offspring?

No, cancer is not heritable

When cancer cells break away and start a new tumor elsewhere, the cancer is said to be

metastatic

In terms of c ancer treatment, sometimes they are ineffective. Why?

All of these are reasons treatment may be ineffective- stem cells remain after cancer treatment, subclones are sometimes not killed/inhibited by the same treatment, some cancers can adapt and turn on defensive mechanisms

Carcinogens are ___ known to increase the rates of mutations in genes related to cancer

mutagens

which of the following can contribute to the development of cancer by triggering changes in a cells’ DNA?

all of these- radiation, chemicals, viruses

Which cancer therapy often leads to side effects such as nausea and hair loss?

chemotherapy

Which statement is true?

cancer arises from multiple mutations accumulating in a cell

mutations

always change the DNA of the organism

If an organism has 22% guanine in its DNA, how much thymine does it have?

28%

Which statement about zip code and genetic code is true?

your zip code is a better predictor of your health than your genetic code

Which populations experience health inequities?

All of the above- members of the LGBTQIA+ community, individuals with disabilities, residents of rusal geographic locations, minoritized individual

Which of these is not a social determinant of health?

These are all determinants of health- health care access and quality, economic stability, education access and quality

What are health inequities?

Differences in health and health care between groups that stem from broader inequities

Which statement best describes the relationship with cancer and aging?

Our risk of nearly every type of cancer increases with age

What is health equity?

The attainment of the highest level of health for all people

Which of the following have been identified as factors involved in cancer health inequities?

All of these- race/ethnicity, geographical location, socioeconomic status, access to healthcare

What factors do we rely on to achieve health equity?

To achieve health equity we rely on connecting science, policy, and practice to put real change into place

In terms of health equity, is it more powerful to impact individuals ot communities?

communities

some cancer vaccines are prophylactic. This means

They are given to prevent cancer

Which organisms have been genetically engineered to produce insulin, human growth hormone, and other important medications?

bacteria

CRISPR has many possible applications in medicine. It is a tool used by scientists to

all of the above- correct mutations, precisely edit genes inside cells, delete or replicate DNA

What is the definition of biotechnology?

The modification of organisms, cells, and their molecules for practical benefits

Which of the following would definitely be classified as a GE?

a rat with rabbit hemoglobin genes inserted into its genome

A medical application of biotechnology would include

vaccines

Genetic engineering is possible because

the genetic code is universal

What is the most challenging issue facing genome sequencing?

the ethics of using information from genomes at the individual level

In the reproductive cloning of an animal, the genome of the cloned individual comes from

a body cell

You are a pigeon breeder, and you selectively breed your pigeons to get a particular feather color. This is an example of

genetic modification