Module 2 Exam - Respiratory System

How many lobes does the left human lung have?

Two lobes: superior and inferior

Air (and not food) pass in which of the following areas:

A. Esophagus

B. Nasopharynx

C. Oropharynx

D. Both A. and C.

Nasopharynx

Rings of cartilage line much of the respiratory tract. In which of one the following would cartilage NOT be found?

Trachea

Larynx

Bronchi

Alveoli

Alveoli

Label the following five items from the diagram:

A - Nasal Cavity

C - Soft Palate

E - Glottis

F - Trachea

H - Tongue

Explain what happens to the epiglottis during swallowing. Why?

The trachea is closed by the epiglottis. The epiglottis moves inferiorly, covering the trachea. This is to prevent food or liquid from entering the lungs.

Explain at least two differences between Type I and Type II alveolar cells.

a. Type I form the very thin simple squamous epithelium of the alveoli in junction with capillaries. Make up roughly 95% of alveolar epithelial cells.

b. Type II produce and secrete pulmonary surfactant which is needed throughout the alveolar surface to keep the alveoli open. In addition, Type II cells can divide to replace damaged Type I cells. Make up roughly 5% of alveolar epithelial cells.

True/False: Negative pressure is used to move air into the lungs.

True

True/False: During exhalation the diaphragm contracts to actively push air out of the lungs.

False (during inhalation)

True/False: During inhalation the rib cage is lowered pull the lungs open.

False (rib cage is lifted upward during inhalation)

True/False: As the thoracic cavity expands and lung volume increases, the density of the gases filling the lungs increases.

False (density of gases decreases)

True/False: As the rib cage expands during inhalation, air will naturally flow into the lungs.

True (air will naturally flow into the lungs because of the negative pressure inside the lungs)

Boyle's law states that gas volume is:

A. Directly proportional to temperature

B. Inversely proportional to temperature

C. Directly proportional to pressure

D. Inversely proportional to pressure

D. Inversely proportional to pressure

Typical respiratory epithelium contains all of the following, except which one?

cilia

layers

tall, narrow cells

mucus producing cells

layers

Which cells are most abundant within the alveoli?

Macrophages

Type 1 alveolar cells

Type 2 alveolar cells

Erythrocytes

Macrophages

Which one of the following is not true of the bronchioles?

Bronchioles can contain respiratory epithelium

Bronchioles can contain simple squamous cells

Bronchioles can contain fossae and mucus

Bronchioles contain cartilage and goblet cells

Bronchioles can contain fossae and mucus

Which one of the following is true of the respiratory physiology calculations?

Vital Capacity (VC) =TLC + RV

Total Lung Capacity (TLC) =IRV + TV

Inspiratory Capacity (IC) = TV- IRV

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) = RV+ERV

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) = RV+ERV

True/False:

The gas-exchange region in the lungs must be dry, thin and large.

False (moist)

True/False:

During inhalation, negative pressure draws air into the lungs.

True

True/False:

The vestibule is lined with typical respiratory epithelium.

False (stratified squamous epithelium is found in the vestibule)

True/False:

Because of diffusion, oxygen naturally moves out of the blood and into the lungs.

False

True/False:

Each red blood cell contains from 10-100 molecules of hemoglobin.

False

Matching:

-Smoking is often the cause of this disease.

-With this disease, mucus clogs the respiratory tract.

-This condition results in fluid-filled alveoli.

-This is inflammation of the pleurae.

A. Emphysema

B. Pleurisy

C. Pulmonary Edema

D. Cystic Fibrosis

-Smoking is often the cause of this disease. - A. Emphysema

-With this disease, mucus clogs the respiratory tract. - D. Cystic Fibrosis

-This condition results in fluid-filled alveoli. - C. Pulmonary Edema

-This is inflammation of the pleurae. - B. Pleurisy

The pressure of three gases equals 1 atmosphere. What is the partial pressure of oxygen (in mmHG) if nitrogen is 300 mmHg and carbon dioxide is 350 mmHg?

110 mmHG

1atm= 760 mmHg

300 mmHg + 350 mmHG + X = 760 mmHg

OR: 760 - 300-350= 110 mmHG

Why would warming air be beneficial to gas exchange?

It would expand the air to make it more available for gas exchange.

(Charles's Law)

Explain what helps to maintain constant temperature within the lungs. Why is it important for effective gas exchange?

Incomplete ventilation helps to maintain a constant temperature within the lungs. The increased temperature allows for greater gas exchange.

From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are:

1. Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles

2. Bronchioles, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi

3. Tertiary bronchi, secondary bronchi, primary bronchi, bronchioles

4. Secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, primary bronchi, bronchioles

1. Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles

In gas exchange (external respiration):

Carbon dioxide diffuses from alveoli into capillaries, oxygen diffuses from capillaries into alveoli

Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into capillaries, carbon dioxide diffuses from capillaries into alveoli

Oxygen and carbon dioxide is carried from alveoli into the bronchioles

Oxygen is chemically transformed into carbon dioxide within the alveoli

Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into capillaries, carbon dioxide diffuses from capillaries into alveoli

The purpose of these cells are the primary immune defense of the alveoli:

Type I alveolar cells

Type II alveolar cells

Surfactant

Alveolar macrophages

Alveolar macrophages

1. Muscular dystrophy is a neuromuscular disease which restricts the lungs from fully expanding due to muscular weakness. If a person is diagnosed with muscular dystrophy:

1) Which of the following statements regarding pulmonary function would be true?

2) Explain your answer.

A. Inspiratory capacity would be abnormally low

B. Vital capacity would abnormally high

C. Total lung capacity would remain the same

A. Inspiratory capacity would be abnormally low

Vital capacity would decrease because there is a decreased ability to bring in as much air compared to normal values because of muscular weakness.

Inspiratory Capacity (IC) = TV+IRV (or) VC-ERV

Decreased VC, decreased IC