Bizantium: The Surprising Life of Medieval Empire

regency

A government or period of time in which a regent rules in place of a king or queen.

rightful

legally correct
законный

E.g:

- The widowed empress, Anna of Savoy, was determined to protect her son's ________ inheritance.

assume

take or begin to have (power or responsibility)
брать на себя

E.g:

- her husband's closest adviser, who _______ the role of regent.

rivalry

competition for the same objective or for superiority in the same field
соперничество

E.g:

- But Patriarch John Kalekas also claimed the right to direct the regency, setting up a _______

persuade

cause (someone) to do something through reasoning or argument.

убеждать

E.g:

• Kalekas plotted against him and _________ the empress of his treacherous intentions.

• Manuel II was in the West trying to ________ the rulers of France and England to send troops to defend his capital.

encourage

inspire with confidence

поощрять, поддерживать

E.g:

• A labourer who __________ people to attack the properties of the rich.

• Who __________ his ambitions and allowed him to amass considerable wealth.

• With additional recommendations for the control of trade, to _________ self-sufficiency, Plethon hoped to see the creation of an effective citizen army

devoted to

посвящённый, преданный

E.g:

• While many of the chapters must have been _______ matters of religious observance (prayers for morning, afternoon and evening), priestly functions and the names of the gods, sections are also _____ __ metaphysics

• They also ______d attention __ the works of Augustine, Boethius and St Anselm of Canterbury.

• The great majority in Byzantium who remained _______ to their own church.

commission

give an order for or authorize the production of (something such as a building, piece of equipment, or work of art)
поручать, давать заказ

E.g:

- Incidentally, some of this wealth he spent on __________ing manuscripts: a famous copy of Hippocrates,

considerable

значительный

E.g:

• the variety of architectural designs and fresco decoration suggests a ____________ range of skilled craftsmen

• ____________ intermarriage among the rulers of these states engendered continuing tolerance and exchange.

• Manuel II Palaiologos, had inherited from his father the status of an Ottoman vassal and was obliged to pay ____________ taxes

commitment

обязательство

E.g:

• John VIII Palaiologos began another attempt to reunite the churches and thus win a serious __________ to western military aid supported by the papacy.

expel

driven out; forced to leave
высылать

E.g:

- They ________ the governor and set up a council of twelve archons to rule the city.

draw on

use one's experience, talents, or skills as a resource
опираться

E.g:

- In seizing political power they ____ __ a well-organized guild of seamen

to put in place

establish a rule or system effectively
принимать (меры)

E.g:

- While the administrative arrangements ___ __ ___ by the rebels remain obscure

evident

Easy to see and understand; obvious, clear

очевидный

E.g:

- It is _______ that they managed the defence of the city against foreign enemies

condemn

to express strong disapproval of
осуждать

E.g:

• Their bloodshed was _______ed but no one could doubt their hold on the city.

• Nikephoros Gregoras _______s the rebel government

• he _______ed the rebels as wild beasts, but called for peace

perpetuate

увековечивать

E.g:

• They _____ed all manner of inhumanity and even massacres

• schoolteachers in Constantinople, Trebizond and Thessalonike __________d ancient Hellenic wisdom

persuade

убеждать

E.g:

• he could not ________ the orthodox to accept the terms of union

awareness

осознание

E.g:

• This was a new development in Byzantine culture which reflects an _________ of the value of foreign, non-Greek learning.

mounted

конный

E.g:

• Each infantry soldier should have one helot assigned to him, and each _______ man should have two;

thus

таким образом

E.g:

• the military should be exempt from taxes and ____ each soldier will be in a position to serve in the army with proper equipment

• ordered all copies of his Book to be burned. He ____ made sure that the rest of Plethon’s writings would also remain almost unknown.

• Mistras ____ lost the tomb of its most famous philosopher.

flee

бежать

E.g:

• Later governors of the city included the young Manuel II (emperor from 1391 to 1425), who was forced to ____ in 1387

• who had forced the Despot Deme-trios and his wife Theodora to ____ to Constantinople in 1460

due

должный, должным, надлежащий

E.g:

• He removed Plethon’s bones from Mistras to inter them with ___ reverence in the wall of his Tempio Malatestiano,

hand over to

передать

E.g:

• his son Andronikos, who ____ed ____ its defence __ Venice in 1422.

embrace

принимать

E.g:

• several Italian cities had already _______d largely republican forms

ensure

гарантировать, обеспечивать

E.g:

• Islam did not recognize the medieval practice of primogeniture, which ______d that the eldest son inherited his father’s land.

• It was this giant weapon, larger than any previous cannon, that ______d their victory.

contemplation

the action of looking thoughtfully at something for a long time
созерцание

E.g:

• Traditions of spiritual worship and mystical _____________ that he supported.

• Another reason may lie in the growth of hesychasm and the teaching of enlightenment through spiritual _____________,

occur

meet; happen; take place
встречаться, происходить

E.g:

• Similar concerns _____ in letters

• In 1354, a major shift in the balance of power between Byzantium and the Ottomans ______ed, when an earthquake destroyed the entire coastline of Thrace.

grave

a place of burial for a dead body, typically a hole dug in the ground and marked by a stone or mound.

accuse

to say that someone has done something wrong; blame for
обвинять

E.g:

• The speaker for the Poor ______s the Rich of numerous inappropriate attitudes and evil actions

• In an attempt to justify his own role in the civil war, he _______ the Zealots of excessive violence

obvious

easy to see or understand
очевидный

E.g:

- The means of acquiring money are _______ to any intelligent man.

accommodation

Жильё, помещение

E.g:

• elaborate food and good wines, fine clothing, elegant _____________, good medical advice,

burial

Погребение, захоронение

propose

предлагать

E.g:

• They _______ed to invite Stefan Uroš IV Dušan,

gain

Получать, набирать

E.g:

• With the help of a dissatisfied Serbian military officer and Turkish naval forces, he ____ed entrance to Thessalonike in 1350,

arrange

договариваться, устраивать

E.g:

• Michael VIII Palaiologos _______d various European alliances, which led ultimately to the massacre of French troops

onwards

далее

E.g:

• From the late thirteenth century _______, the inhabitants of medieval Lakedaimonia moved up the hillside to settle closer to the fortifications

gradually

постепенно

E.g:

• the city _________ expanded

• the Peloponnese _________ became a distinctive Byzantine region

apparently

Казалось, казавшаяся

E.g:

• The ___________ impregnable fortress of the despotate seemed to guarantee safety,

engage

заниматься, вступать, вовлекать

E.g:

• There was an established Jewish community ______d in weaving and carpet-making, cloth and silk production

• Byzantium was ______d in a contest with different Islamic states and societies.

outstanding

выдающийся

E.g:

• which remained based on the ancient Greek curriculum and was sustained by a profound knowledge of the most ____________ pagan texts.

desperately

отчаянно

E.g:

• Political considerations required emperors to pursue this policy because they ___________ needed military help from the West

therefore

поэтому

E.g:

• Many in Byzantium considered this abhorrent, if not heretical. The Palaiologan emperors _________ found themselves in a cleft stick.

• Murad I had made all the Byzantine rulers his vassals and could _________ count on their support.

remind

напоминать

E.g:

• the Greeks were not in communion with Rome, but the king insisted and Manuel was ______ed that his attempts to obtain aid would be dependent on the union of the Latin and Greek churches.

whether

ли

E.g:

• _______ all clerics were obliged to maintain celibacy, and _______ all Christians fasted on the same days, was perhaps less of a problem.

• It was only Plethon’s mastery of classical Greek texts that was appreciated, _______ his admirers knew that he truly believed in the ancient gods or not.

resume

возобновлять

E.g:

• Mehmed I triumphed over his brothers and ______d the campaign against Byzantium.

struggle

борьба

E.g:

• the four sons of Bayezid immediately began a ________ for supreme power

• The civil war of 1402–13, between Bayezid’s sons, was a portent of many similar _________s to come.

dispatch

отправлять

E.g:

• The despot of the Turks also ________ed heralds to proclaim to all the ends of the earth that the emir promised to deliver all the riches and people of the city to the Muslims.

resemble

напоминать

E.g:

• Institutions like the Muslim wakf closely ________d the Christian monastery

distinguishe

отличать

E.g:

• Its continual fascination with the classical past ____________s Byzantium from Western Christendom.

attitude

отношение

E.g:

• The West’s ________ to Byzantium hardened in the ninth century with Notker’s dismissive evaluation of the Greeks as cowards and fools.