ECED 111: Child and Prenatal Development

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the principal concepts of child development, theoretical frameworks, developmental tasks, stages of psychosocial and cognitive growth, and prenatal development.

Child Development

The study of how children grow and change across physical, cognitive, language, and socio-emotional domains from birth through the primary years.

Bioecological Perspective

A developmental perspective proposed by Bronfenbrenner (1979) stating that development is driven by dynamic interactions among biology, relationships, and environments over time.

Bioecological Model

Bronfenbrenner's model illustrating the environmental systems (Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem) that influence individual development over time.

Serve-and-Return Interactions

Back-and-forth interactions between young children and caring adults that help wire brain circuits supporting learning, self-regulation, and mental health.

PPCT Model

Process-Person-Context-Time model in Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory, emphasizing core proximal processes, individual person characteristics, environmental contexts, and temporal elements.

Transactional Model

A model formulated by Arnold Sameroff stating that children and caregivers mutually shape each other's development over time.

Developmental Tasks

Skills, competencies, and responsibilities defined by Robert Havighurst (1952) that individuals must acquire at specific stages of life.

Havighurst's Six Major Life Stages

The six developmental stages identified by Robert Havighurst: Infancy & Early Childhood (0–6 years), Middle Childhood (6–12 years), Adolescence (12–18 years), Early Adulthood (19–30 years), Middle Age (30–60 years), and Later Maturity (60 years and above).

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

A developmental theory by Erik Erikson framing personality development across eight stages, each defined by a specific psychosocial crisis or conflict.

Trust vs. Mistrust

Erik Erikson's first psychosocial stage occurring in Infancy ($0-1$ or $0-2$ years), which builds the virtue of Hope when successfully resolved.

Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt

Erik Erikson's second psychosocial stage occurring in Toddlerhood/Early Childhood ($1-3$ or $2-4$ years), which builds the virtue of Will.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Erik Erikson's third psychosocial stage occurring during Preschool ($3-5$ or $4-5$ years), which builds the virtue of Purpose.

Industry vs. Inferiority

Erik Erikson's fourth psychosocial stage occurring in School Age ($6-12$ or $5-12$ years), which builds the virtue of Competence.

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

Jean Piaget's four-stage model of cognitive growth comprising Sensorimotor (Birth to 2 yrs), Preoperational (2 to 7 yrs), Concrete Operational (7 to 11 yrs), and Formal Operational (12 and up).

Sensorimotor Stage

Piaget's stage from birth to 2 years where infants learn through sensory experiences and motor actions, developing object permanence and cause-effect understanding.

Preoperational Stage

Piaget's stage from 2 to 7 years where children develop symbolic thought, language, and imagination.

Concrete Operational Stage

Piaget's stage from 7 to 11 years where children develop logical thinking, conservation, and classification abilities for concrete situations.

Formal Operational Stage

Piaget's stage from 12 years and up where individuals gain the ability to think abstractly and systematically reason through hypothetical problems.

Freud's Psychosexual Stages of Development

Sigmund Freud's personality development theory comprising five stages: Oral Stage (Birth to 1 yr), Anal Stage (1 to 3 yrs), Phallic Stage (3 to 6 yrs), Latent Stage (6 yrs to Puberty), and Genital Stage (Puberty to Adulthood).

Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP)

An educational approach requiring teachers to honor children's languages, identities, and funds of knowledge while challenging bias and promoting equity.

Republic Act 8980

The Early Childhood Care and Development (ECCD) Act of 2000 in the Philippines establishing policy for young children's health, nutrition, and early education.

MTB-MLE

Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education framework used in Philippine instruction to support language acquisition and cognitive development.

Germinal Stage

The first period of prenatal physical development lasting from 0 to 2 weeks, characterized by zygote formation, rapid cell division, and implantation.

Embryonic Stage

The second period of prenatal physical development lasting from 3 to 8 weeks, marked by organogenesis, neural tube formation, and a beating heart.

Fetal Stage

The final period of prenatal physical development from 9 weeks until birth, characterized by rapid growth, sensory development, and brain maturation.

Fetus

The name given to a developing baby from 9 weeks after conception until birth, taking approximately 40 weeks to fully develop.

Age of Viability

The threshold in prenatal development, occurring at approximately 24 weeks, at which a fetus has a chance of survival outside the womb.

DOHaD Hypothesis

The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease hypothesis, stating that long-term health and well-being are significantly shaped by prenatal experiences and environmental exposures.

Teratogens

Environmental substances or factors such as alcohol, smoking, drugs, infections (e.g., rubella, Zika), toxins, or maternal stress that can cause birth defects and alter developmental outcomes.

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)

A group of conditions causing long-term physical and cognitive issues in children as a result of maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy.