Brain and Behavior Exam 4

Nonassociative learning: Habituation

response to unchanging stimulus decreases over time (living by an airport, upstairs neighbor)

Nonassociative learning: Sensitization

When our behavioral responses to a stimulus increases (dogs with loud noises)

Associative learning: Classical conditioning

Learn that a stimulus impacts another

Unconditioned Stimulus

unlearned stimulus (food)

Unconditioned Response

unlearned response (saliva)

Neutral stimulus

no natural response (tuning fork)

Conditioned response

learned response to stimulus

Conditioned stimulus

learned to respond to

Acquisition

picking up conditioned response to conditioned stimulus

Extinction

process of stimulus losing conditioned response

Spontaneous Recovery

recover conditioned response after a period of time after extinction period

Associative learning: Operant conditioning

learning done by consequences of behavior

Sensory memory

lasts just long enough to give an impression of our environment

Short term memory

15-30 seconds, gives us time to process dependent upon attentional resources, holds 7 +- 2 items

Working memory

memory we can work on (adding info)

Long term memory

Unlimited capacity from minutes to decades, solidifies from stm by retrieving and rehearsal

Declarative memory (Episodic)

events from your life

Declarative memory (Semantic)

simple facts

Nondeclarative memory

automatic, muscle memory, carry out actions without having to think

Spatial memory

becoming aware of our environment

Consolidation

transforming information into LTM, strength, achieved through rehearsal, takes place in hippocampus

Perforant Pathway

how memories are consolidated E Cortex → granute cells → denotate gyrus

Hebb’s rule

Cells that fire together, wire together, long term potentiation (lt strengthening of a synapse)

Role of glutamate receptors (AMPA)

sodium and potassium depolarize postsynaptic membrane, helps with long term potentiation

Role of glutamate receptors (NMDA)

sodium, potassium, and calcium strengthen synaptic connections

Psychopharmacology

Study of drugs in the nervous system

Pharmacokinetics

study of how drugs act on the body for the duration of taking the drug

Routes of administration

oral, injections, topical administration (transdermal patches), inhalation, and insufflation

Direct Agonist

binds w and activates receptor

Indirect agonist

still facilitates, binds w different spot on receptor

Direct antagonist

binds w and blocks receptor

Indirect antagonist

binds w receptor, just blocks activation, not receptor site

Substance use disorder

substance used in dangerous way or affects everyday life

Dopamine and addiction

Alcohol impact on NT systems

depressant, slows down cns, slows down inhibitory sensors. GABA ^ Glutamate v (memory)

Psychostimulants impact on NT systems

increase alertness, energy, dopamine agonists

Nicotine impact on NT systems

reward receptors release dopamine

Hallucinogens impact on NT systems

acts on serotonin receptor

Mesolimbic dopamine pathway: function

reinforces behavior

Mesolimbic dopamine pathway: structures

Ventral tegmental area (produce dopamine), nucleus accumbens (receptor for dopamine), ventral striatum

Role of dorsal striatum in addiction

input of basal ganglia, compulsive behaviors becoming habitual behaviors

Cerebral palsy

partial/full paralysis, malformation of brain injury (childbirth or shortly after)

Spastic diplegia

stiff leg muscles, motor neurons impacted, gaba might not be working on spinal neurons

Known contributors to developing autism

biological, genetic, older parents

Brain differences in those with autism

larger amygdala at birth=elevated anxiety, overactive prefrontal cortex

ADHD Definition

difficulty w instructions, details, impatience

ADHD Treatment

stimulants

Antidepressants (SSRIs)

block reuptake of seratonin

Antidepressants (Mixed reuptake inhibitors)

target norep and serotonin, can have reduced side effects

Antidepressants (Monoamine oxidase inhibitors)

prohibits breaking down monoamines, have to avoid teramine

Antidepressants (Tricyclic antidepressants)

partially block reuptake of serotonin and norepi, can be lethal in large doses

Bipolar 1

Depressive episodes, manic episodes

Bipolar 2

hypomanic- less severe manic episodes

Different phobias

situational phobias, blood injection injury, natural environment, animals

Schizophrenia: Positive symptoms

Delusions and hallucinations

Schizophrenia: Negative symptoms (Avolition)

inability to act/do something

Schizophrenia: Negative symptoms (Alogia)

limited speech

Schizophrenia: Negative symptoms (Anhedonia)

inability to experience pleasure

Schizophrenia: Negative symptoms (Asociality)

lack of social

Schizophrenia: Negative symptoms (Affective flattening)

not displaying emotion

Schizophrenia: Role of NTs

dopamine agonist ^ antagonists v

Alzheimer’s disease (what accumulates)

build up of beta amyloid, tangles of tau proteins

Seizures: Tonic-Clonic

Grand mal, persons muscles all contract, and then convulsions

Seizures: Absence

petit mal, look like theyre staring off into space

Seizures: Role of NTs

Occur with excessive activity of neurons in the brain

Strokes: hemorrhagic

Aneurysm, blood vessel popping bc blood pressure is too high

Strokes: Ischemic

blood flow is blocked, commonly plaque build up that breaks and gets caught

Benign tumor

encapsulated, symmetrical shapes

Malignant tumor

cancerous, not symmetrical

Coup-countercoup injuries

side of head that is hit and the opposite side is hurt from the brain bouncing

Meningitis Bacterial

worst

Meningitis Viral

no bueno

TSEs

mad cow disease and kuru

Prions

causes protein to misfold and break down