US History Chapter 1: The Collision of Cultures

Nationalism

Def: to have so much pride in one’s culture and/or country that you have a desire to spread one’s culture forcefully.

Significance/ example: Spain colonized the Americas and forcefully spread their culture, forcing the Native Americans to assimilate in Spanish culture.

Another example would be in revolutions such as the Haitian Revolution where oppressed people would fight against their oppressor

Centralized Nation States (New Monarchs in Europe)

Countries that included France, Spain, and England: established sovereignty where the leaders could establish an army and generate revenue without relying on the Catholic Church

Significance: took away power from the Catholic Church, made Europe more independent from religion (more secular), Causes by these three countries rediscovering culture after the crusades and Columbus finding the West Indies during the Renaissance.

Biological Warfare

The INTENTIONAL use of pathogens to defeat your enemy

Significance: used by the Mongols and decimates populations like in the case of smallpox in Europe

—>Smallpox

A disease that spread via biological warfare and was experienced in Europe which ravaged Europe and occured when there was a mini ice age which thus weakened Europeans immune systems

The Three Sisters

Beans, corn, and squash: the three main crops that the Native Americans used

Significance: was an innovative way to grow food when Native Americans had little resources. Planted the same three crops in the same spot.

Labor Systems

An eonomic and legal social structure society uses to organize labor

S: includes the ecomienda system, asiento, and slavery: all made the Europeans profit from people of color and those who were victims of colonization by the Europeans.

—>Ecomienda

Labor system where the government in Latin America gives the land to European colonizers, so in order for Native Americans to live on the land they once owned, they must work the land.

—>Asiento

A labor system where Spain allows other European countries to come in the Americans and sell slaves

Significance: provided other European countries other than Spain like England to make a profit and also made Spain money because they would tax the countries that brought slaves to trading ports to sell them

Also a catalyst for the Atlantic Slave Trade

Slavery

A labor system where humans are legally forced into work and considered property.

Economic Systems

Way in which a society utilizes it's environment to meet their needs to include the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

—>Mercantilism

Economic system where the government and/or country accquires revenue to benefit the COUNTRY as a whole;the goal is to acquire as must wealth or resources for the country as possible

Significance: Accquires as much bouillon by exporting more than you import

—>Capitalism

Economic System where the goal is to accquire as much wealth as possible for the INDIVIDUAL

Significance: people would put a tariff on imports

Casta System

A social hierarchy in Latin America put in place by the Europeans in order to organize people by race and/or skin color.

S: created a rigid divided society based on race, grew nationalistic ideals, rise in tension between groups, and puts Europeans at the top with all the power

Order:

Peninsulares: At the top of the chain, they are pure European vanilla born on the Iberian peninsula (where Spain and Portugal is) and are the only ones with political power

Creoles: Europeans born in the Americas

Mestizos: Mixed European and Native American

Mulato: Africans mixed with European

Zambo: African mixed with Native Americans

Africans: Yup, they're at the very bottom

Characteristics of Native Americans

Traits that define Native Americans which include being more connected to the mind, spirit, environment, and community. They do not generalize people based on gender or sexuality, they look at person and values.

S: Contrasts with European colonizers patriarchal and race based hierarchy systems that generalized people based on gender and race.

—>Asia Origins

Native Americans originated from Asia; consisted of nomadic hunters migrating from Northeast Asia across the Bering Land Bridge

—>Hunter-Gatherer

A system that many Native American societies followed by in order to find food by foraging wild plants and hunting animals instead of farming; they were semi nomadic

S: highlights how Native American societies adapted to their environment in order to survive, like hunter gatherer societies emerged where natural resources and crops were in abundance.

—>Anatomical Types

Concept that describes Native American societies as they did not categorize human beings based on gender, there was no rigid biological order as one was recognized by what their whole being had; held a holistic view of the world.

S: heavily contrasted with the European way of thinking.

—>Uneven Population

Term used to describe Native American societies as no one group had a set population, tribes could be small, large, medium etc. so one couldn't categorize Native Americans by population.

Native American Political and Social Organizations

Diverse societies that adapted to their geography and/or environment developed by indigenous people before infiltrated by Europeans (1492) ranging from nomadic bands to large, complex empires and powerful political alliances. Included many tribes that were large, medium, and small—they did not think of themselves as members of a single civilization. Larger settled groups had defined hierarchies (but kinships and clan systems were the most common) and powerful political alliances whilst gender roles consisted of women caring for the home and men took the hunting and fighting roles, yet both roles were seen as equally as important in society.

S: Contrasts native communal and kinship-based frameworks with European feudal, capitalist, and rigidly hierarchical structures

—>Tribe

A group of Native Americans (referred to as “the Mexica'“ and the most notorious tribe would be the Aztec tribe) that shared a language, culture, and government and shaped their lives to adapt to the natural land surrounding them, some even building alliances within the tribes.

S: adapted to their specific regional environments through unique economies, housing, and social structures long before European contact.

—>Extended Families

Kinship central social unit made up of close relatives beyond parents, siblings, and children that live together and/or function as a primary social network.

S: These kinship alliances allowed for diplomacy and reduce internal tribe conflict

—>Council

A native American political structure that is made up of a governing body of tribal leaders or chiefs who make collective decisions, manage diplomacy, and maintain order.

S: Demonstrates the complex societies of Native America and their stable political systems before Europeans arrive and contrasts with the Europeans’ single-file monarchies where the church was in charge.

Confederations and Alliances

Confederation= a loose alliances if independent states with a weak central government

Alliances= treaties between groups or nations for mutual defense or benefit

S: Demonstrated early models of native self governance and multi-state cooperation before European arrival.

—>Loose Alliances

Flexible networks formed by autonomous Native American tribes

S: shows native diversity as it demonstrates how Native American societies were not a single unified group. Demonstrated early models of native governance

—> Abenaki Confederacy

Algonquian-seaking Native Americans in North New England and Canada that relied on hunting and maize agriculture.

S: Shows native diversity by demonstrating how Native American societies were not a single unified group and demonstrating early models of native American self governance.

—>Iroquois League

Language group living East of the Mississippi River in upstate New York and included an alliance of five tribes: Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca. Functioned with a Matrilineal society

S: Shows native diversity by demonstrating how Native American societies were not a single unified group and demonstrating early models of native American self governance.

Language Families

Groups of Native American languages that shared common linguistic roots

S:Demonstrates the diversity and complexity among Natives American societies and the cultural and social differences, whilst highlighting how different geographical regions fostered distinct tribal groups.

—>Algonquian

The largest Native American language group that lived east of the Mississippi River and dominated the Atlantic Seaboard from Canada to Virginia.

S:Demonstrates the diversity and complexity among Natives American societies and the cultural and social differences, whilst highlighting how different geographical regions fostered distinct tribal groups.

—>Sioun

Native American nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes that shared a language family living in the Great Plains and Midwest

S:Demonstrates the diversity and complexity among Natives American societies and the cultural and social differences, whilst highlighting how different geographical regions fostered distinct tribal groups.

—>Uto-Aztecan

Native American linguistic nomadic hunter-gatherer group that spans from the Great Basin and the American Southwest into Mexico

S:Demonstrates the diversity and complexity among Natives American societies and the cultural and social differences, whilst highlighting how different geographical regions fostered distinct tribal groups.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portuguese and ruler of Portugal that was a patron of navigation that funded exploration to find an alternate route to Asia (because Italy taxed the Mediterranean Ocean route and Muslims controlled the overland trade routes).

S: His patronage launched the Age of Discovery, advanced ship technology, and started the Atlantic slave trade, giving Portugal an early edge in global trade. He also authorized the building of the caravel which was able to navigate through the turbulent waters of the Atlantic Ocean.

Ferdinand and Isabella

King and Queen of Castille and Aragon (Spanish King and Queen) that united their two territories to drive out Muslim competition.

S: Led the Reconquista where they took the Iberian Peninsula to drive out their Muslim competition and forced them and Jews out because they were not Christian. Their actions united Spain as a Christian nation and they funded Columbus’s voyage to the Americas: under their rule, the Americas was discovered which allowed Spain to build a massive global Empire for they launched Spain into global exploration.

Explorers

People who travel to new or uncharted areas to learn more about these areas.

—>Marco Polo

Italian explorer that traveled throughout Asia under the rule of Kubelai Khan during the Yuan Dynasty and documented his findings in China.

S: His writings sparked curiosity to explore beyond Europe and find a route to Asia; this becoming a catalyst for the AOE.

—>Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer that sailed on behalf of Spain that was convinced he could find an alternate western sea route to Asia, feeling like we could go to the West side of India but instead he bumped into the Americas.

S: he established what became the Columbian Exchange (exchange of disease, resources, culture, animals, agricultural practices between Europe and the Americas that both greatly negatively and positively impacted both sides of the exchange) and allows for Spain to become one of the most prosperous countries at the time and ultimately led to the Atlantic Slave Trade. Also contributed to the annihilation of 90% of the Native population in the great dying as a result of the Columbian Exchange. Also a catalyst for the Commercial Revolution that shifted economic power from the Indian to the Atlantic Ocean.

—>Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese explorer that sailed on behalf of Spain. He was abandoned by his crewmates because he said he heard voices to keep going further! He went to the southern tip of South American and claims the Philippines for Spain.

S: his voyages connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and he completed the first circumnavigation of the globe (well, his crew really did because he was overthrown).

—>Amerigo Vespucci

Italian explorer that sails on behalf of both Spain and Portugal who validated that the lands Columbus discovered was not apart of Asia

S: his name (Amerigo) is what inspired the name for the Americas, Columbus was ignored in the naming of the Americas because he was discredited for his Jewish faith whilst Amerigo was Christian.

Conquistadors

Spanish conquerers that conquer the land with military force using guns, germs, and steel.

—> Hernando Cortes

Conquistador (he's from Spain) that led an expedition in 1519-1521 where he overtook the Aztec empire(modern Mexico) by dividing and conquering (turning the Aztec tribes against each other).

S: killed Aztec ruler Moctezuma which cursed the water and established permanent Spanish rule in Mexico.

—> Francisco Pizzaro

Spanish conquistador that goes to south America to overthrow the Incan Empire (modern Peru) leading to the demise of the Incan Empire in the sixteenth century.

S: Kills the last Incan emperor (Atahualpa) and revealed the wealth of the Incas (their silver mines) to the European nations.

—>Hernan de Soto

Spanish conquistador that assisted in conquering the Incan Empire

S: First conquistador to get to the Mississippi River and acted as the catalyst for the 13 colonies to be established and opened up North America for other European nations to invade.

Bartolome de las Casas

Spanish priest and social reformer that advocated for the rights and proper treatment of Native Americans

S: As a result of his efforts, the Spanish government began to implement rules that allowed for better treatment of the Native Americans but in turn allowed for the abuse of Africans as Europeans had to find a new source of brutal labor. Eventually led to the Atlantic Slave Trade and the Ordinances of Discovery in sixteenth century that banned the most brutal military conquests of the New World.

Catholic Missions/Missionaries

People who's goal is to convert as many people as possible to Christianity (Catholicism) in the 16th century to counter the Protestant Reformation in Europe like Jesuits who were European missionaries went to the Americas to spread Christianity through education

S: Acted as a motive for colonization and led to syncretism (blending of religions in the Native American’s side as they mixed polytheism of multiple spirits and gods with christianity) and pushback from Native Americans as many were forcefully converted.

Moctezuma

Last Aztec ruler who was killed by Hernando Cortes

S: said to put a curse on the drinking water if Mexico in the fifteenth century. His death solidified the collapse of Latin America and strengthened Spain .

Asia (Indian Ocean Trade System)

The epicenter of the global economy as it was the location of the Spice Islands and China, where an abundance of commodities like silk and porcelain were.

S: People wanted access to Asia’s commodities and trade opportunities, thus, being the primary motivator for the initiation of the Age of Exploration

Africa

Center of trade, commodities, and slaves and was the 2nd largest continent with an abundance of natural resources and bouillon (they had a gold Coast)

S:Shaped America’s racial hierarchies with Africans being at the bottom, and labor trade interactions with Europe shaped the early Atlantic Plantation economy

Europe

One of the smallest continents in the world, had a lack of essential resources to compete on a global scale and was behind in advancements as opposed to other nations like Asia and the Americas. Their population and resources increased when they discovered the Americas

S: After the Columbian Exchange, they shifted from feudalism towards early capitalism and after they explored into the Americas they transformed the global trade, social, political religious, and economic system.

—>Portugal

Small country located on the Iberian Peninsula in Europe with access to the Mediterranean and Atlantic Ocean

S: responsible for starting the AOE in the mid fifteenth century.

—>Spain

European country located on the Iberian Peninsula that like Portugal also had access to the Mediterranean and Atlantic oceans and went on to become one of the most powerful countries in the world beginning in the 16th century

S: responsible for transforming the global trade system and the social, political, and economic way of life and puts Europeans as a force to be reckoned with.

Americas (Atlantic Trade System)

The Americas is two continents (North and South America) that sit between the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean

The Atlantic Trade System is a multifaceted network of exchange linking Europe Africa, and the Americas that moved enslaved labor, raw materials, and manufactured goods

S:Became a pivotal part of the global trade network, incorporating the Americas into global trade and led to the Commercial Revolution and trade shifts as well as economics to European powers; leading to competitions between European nations.

—>Meso-America

(Central) Middle-America that connects N and S America that is today categorized with North America and is made up of 20 countries surrounded by the Pacific and Caribbean Sea and was predominantly controlled by the Aztecs.

—-•Tenochtitlan—Aztec

Modern day Mexico City and Capital of Aztec Empire and housed over a hundred thousand people. Was one of the most advanced empires in every aspect (examples: had advanced technology, monuments, organized society, surplus of food, etc.)

S: acted as a turning point for colonization after Hernando Cortes in 1521 marked the collapse of native dominance and started Spanish colonial rule

—>Peru—Inca

Epicenter of the Incan Empire and controlled the largest empire in South America

Like the Aztec empire, they were extremely advanced in every aspect

S: Francisco Pizzaro marked the end of the last Aztec empire

—>Cahokia—midwest NA

Native American tribe in what is now mid west United States that was advanced like the Aztec and Incan Empire.

—>St. Augustine

First city established in North America, Florida by Spain and acts as a historical center for European colonization

S: marked the permanent colonization of North America.

Age of Exploration—15th century

Initiated by Portugal, it's the Europeans desire to find an alternate route to Asia

S: Caused by advancement in ship technology (specifically the caravel) which the building of was funded by Prince Henry the Navigator who also patronized exploration, and the writing of Marco Polo. The consequences of the AOE include; the Columbian Exchange, the Great Dying, and global conflicts.

Old Imperialism—1450-1650

The control of one country’s social, political, and economic way of life by another country and in this period, involves European countries (Spain, Portugal, England, and France) that imperialized the Americas.

S: led to new social hierarchies, new political European powers in the Americas, the dissemination of Christianity, the Commercial Revolution, and the exploitation of Native Americans.

Columbian Exchange—1492-1800

The exchange of goods, people, and disease between Europe and the Americas

S: Resulted in the Great Dying, Commercial Revolution, the Atlantic Slave Trade, and a shift in population (Europe gets an increase due to the surplus of food)

Phases of Spanish American Empire—1492-1825

The phases Spain goes through in discovering the Americas and what follows, including a golden age in their establishment of their empire.

—>Phase 1—1492-1570s

The discovery of the Americas by Spain

—>Phase 2—1570s-1700s

The colonization of the Americas and the solidification of imperialism practices by Spain.

—>Phase 3—1700-1825

The decline of Spain as they lost Latin America during this time (a contributing factor was the Latin American Revolution in the Spanish Armada of 1588) and European nations started to beat up on them.

African Slave Trade—1400s

The transportation of Africans by force out of Africa to the Americas. Apart of the triangular trade (between Europe, Africa, and Americas) happened twice in history; when Jews were forcefully removed from their homeland and scatter creating a diaspora and the same thing happening with Africans.

S: contributes to the creation of a racial hierarchy in the Americas(the Casta System), instability in Africa as a significant amount of men were removed and then women, created economic prosperity for Europeans, and led to racial conflicts

Commercial Revolution —1500-1800

The shift in economic power from the Indian Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean that shifted economies from local, feudal agriculturally based to global and profit driven trade networks.

S: motivated further exploration into the New world as the European desire for profit directly funded and drive European exploration to the Americas. Also funded colonization and connected the Americas to the global economy which initiated the Transatlantic slave trade.

Ordinances of Discovery—1570s

Royal instructions issues by the Spanish government that banned unauthorized military conquests and made laws stating that Native Americans should be treated humanely and with dignity.

S: Contributed to the establishment of the Atlantic Slave Trade as now European colonizers had to look for a new source of free labor because they couldn't use and treat the Native Americans as harshly.

Pueblo Revolt 1680:

The largest revolt led by Native Americans against Europeans in Modern day New Mexico against Spanish colonizers and it was successful as it drove Spanish colonizers out for over a decade

S: demonstrates native American resistance and