REPRODUCTIVE FINALS ANAPHY

Reproduction

An essential characteristic of living organisms, and functional male and female reproductive systems are necessary for humans to reproduce.

Epididymis, Vas deferens, Urethra

What are the Ducts in the Male Reproductive System?

Seminal Vesicles, Prostate glands, Bulbourethral glands

What are the Accessory organs in the Male Reproductive System?

Scrotum, Penis

What are the Supporting Structures in the Male Reproductive System?

Testes

4-5 cm long and found within the scrotum.

It secretes sperm cells (exocrine) and testosterone

(endocrine).

The 5% of Semen.

Leydig cells

_____ produce testosterone.

Tunica Albuginea, Septa, Seminiferous Tubules

What are the layers of the testes?

Tunica Albuginea

Fibrous connective tissue

Septa

Divide each testis into ~300-400 lobules

Seminiferous Tubules

Development of sperm cells; contains leydig cells, Sertoli cells, and Germ cells

Cryptochidism

Failure of one or both of the testes to descend into the scrotum.

Epididymis

Final maturation of sperm cells.

Found in the posterior side of the testes, it consists of a head, body, and tail.

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia

What is the cell type of Epididymis?

Vas Deferens

Ductus deferens; emerges from the tail of epididymis.

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium and smooth muscle

What is the Lumen of Vas deferens made of?

Esternal spermatic fascia, Cremaster muscle, Internal spermatic fascia

The Spermatic Cord is covered by three fascial layers:

Seminal Vesicles

5 cm long; sac-shaped gland that produces seminal fluid.

○ Somewhat basic fluid; pH 7.2-8.0

Produces the most fluid out of all the glands in the male reproductive system.

Located next to ampulla

The 60% of Semen. Thick mucus like secretion: fructose, citric acid, etc.

Ejaculatory Duct

2.5 cm long; joins seminal vesicles and ampulla.

Urethra

20 cm long; passageway for both urine and male reproductive fluids.

It extends from the urinary bladder to the distal end of the penis.

Mostly stratified columnar epithelium

What is the cell type of the Urethra?

Prostatic urethra, Membranous urethra, Spongy (penile) urethra

What are the parts of the urethra?

Prostatic urethra

Transitional epithelium

Membranous urethra

The shortest

Spongy (penile) urethra

Longest; stratified squamous epithelium

Prostate Gland

4x2 cm; walnut shaped gland.

Found dorsal to symphysis pubis at the base of urinary bladder.

Produces acidic fluid.

Fibrous connective tissue with smooth muscles

Tissue type of Prostate Gland

Columnar epithelial cells

Cell type of prostate gland

Bulbourethral Gland

Also called Cowper glands; produces basic fluid to neutralize the acidic fluid of the prostate gland.

Located near the membranous urethra.

This decreases in size with age.

Scrotum

A sac-like structure that contains the testes; contains Dartos muscle and skin.

Raphe, Dartos muscle, Cremaster muscle

What are the three layers of Scrotum?

Raphe

Irregular ridge of Scrotum (located externally)

Dartos muscle

Smooth muscle outer layer; respond in cold temperatures.

Cremaster muscle

Pull the scrotum near the body which helps keep the testes warm.

Penis

Male organ of copulation.

2 Corpora cavernosa, Corpus spongiosum

What are the three columns of erectile tissue of the penis?

2 Corpora cavernosa

Dorsal and side

Corpus spongiosum

Ventral portion

Glans penis, External urethral orifice, Root of penis, Prepuce

What are the parts of the penis?

Root of penis

Bulb of penis and crus of penis

Prepuce

Foreskin; removed during circumcision.

Spermatogenesis

Cccurs in the testes, specifically in the seminiferous tubules.

Sertoli cells

Nurtures spermatids or young sperm

Semen

Sperm cells + secretions

Fibrinogen

The coagulation of semen

Prostaglandin

Uterine contraction of semen

Prostate gland

The 30% of Semen. Contains clotting factors

Prostatic fluid

The neutralization of semen

Bulbourethral gland

The 5% of Semen. Lubrication and neutralization

Emission

Discharge of all secretion

Ejaculation

Forceful expulsion of semen

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

• Released from neurons in the hypothalamus.

• Promotes the release of LH and FSH.

Luteinizing hormone

• Also called Interstitial Cell-Stimulating Hormone.

• Made by the pituitary gland.

• Increase rate of testosterone synthesis and secretion.

Follicle-stimulating hormone

• Promote sperm cell development.

Testosterone

• Major male hormone secreted by the testes.

• Stimulates development of male reproductive structures.

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

• Secreted by the placenta.

• Stimulates synthesis and secretion of testosterone by fetal testes

Ovaries

Small pair of organs about 2-3.5 cm long and 1.1.5 cm wide.

Mesovarium

Attaches each ovary to the posterior surface of the ligament.

Suspensory and Ovarian ligament

What are the two ligaments associated with ovary?

Suspensory ligament

Mesovarium to body wall.

Ovarian ligament

Attaches superior margin of the uterus

Primordial Follicles

The most basic and numerous form of follicle found in ovaries.

Contains immature eggs (oocytes) and is surrounded by a single layer of flattened cells.

Primary Follicles

The full stage of growth; surrounded by cuboidal cells.

Secondary Follicles

Granuloso cells; surrounding cells containing two layers.

Zona Pellucida and Stroma

What are the two layers of secondary follicles?

Zona Pellucida

Forms around the oocyte

Stroma

Theca; outer layer of follicle

Mature FolliclesC

Graafian follicle; largest and final stage before ovulation.

Contains a large fluid-filled cavity called antrum; oocytes are suspended in this fluid and are ready to be released.

Produces a large amount of estrogen.

Bursts in response to the surge of luteinizing hormone.

Corpus Luteum

Remnants of raptured mature follicles immediately after ovulation.

Secrete progesterone hormone in order to prepare uterine lining for potential pregnancy.

Corpus Alvicans

The corpus luteum that is already degenerated; shrinks and becomes small scar tissues.

Occurs 10-14 days after ovulation.

Medulla

Inner region; contains main blood vessels, lymphatic, and nerves.

Female gametes

Formation begins in the fetus.

4th month

It is the month of when 5 million oogonia are produced.

Primary Oocyte

Meiosis stops during the first mitotic division prophase I.

2 million

How many primary oocyte are at birth?

300,000-400,000

How many primary oocyte are at birth-puberty?

400

How many primary oocytes will develop to secondary oocytes?

Secondary Oocyte

Ovulation; release of secondary oocyte from an ovary.

Begins second meiotic division but stops in metaphase II.

Polar body

Either degenerates or divides.

Fertilization

When a sperm cell binds and penetrates the plasma membrane of a secondary oocyte.

Secondary oocyte completes the second meiotic division to form two cells

each containing 23 chromosomes

How many chromosomes in the two cells?

Zygote

The one cell degenerates and the other one binds with 23 chromosomes from the sperm cells to form a _____ and complete the fertilization.

Uterine Tubes

Fallopian tubes or oviducts; found in the superior margin of the broad ligament.

Infundibulum, Fimbriae, Ampulla, Isthmus

What are the parts of the Fallopian tubes/Uterine Tubes?

Infundibulum

Long projection.

Fimbriae

Ciliated. Surround the opening of the infundibulum; catches the oocytes.

Ampulla

Nearest the infundibulum; site for fertilization.

Isthmus

Narrow thick walls than ampulla.

Serosa, Muscular layer, and Mucosa

What are the walls of the uterine tubes?

Uterus

7.5 cm long and 5 cm wide.

Found in the anterior posteriorly oriented in the pelvic cavity.

Round and Uterosacral ligament

What are the two ligaments of the Uterus?

Uterine wall, Spiral glands, Cervical mucous glands

What are the parts of the Uterus?

Perimetrium, Myometrium, Endometrium

What are the parts of the Uterine wall?

Perimetrium

Covers the uterus

Myometrium

Thick layer of smooth muscle

Endometrium

Innermost; simple columnar epithelium and lamina propria

Basal and Functional layer

What are the two layers of the Endometrium of Uterine wall?

Spiral glands

Scattered around the lamina propria

Cervical mucous glands

Acts as a barrier and easing the passageway for sperm cells

Vagina

Female organ of copulation; allows menstrual flow and childbirth.

10 cm long; extends from the uterus to the outside of the body

• Columns: length of anterior and posterior vaginal walls.

• Rugae: between anterior and posterior columns.

• Fornix: attached to the side of the cervix.

Hymen

Covers the vaginal opening