phy sci test 11 (chapter 15) study guide

base range is also called basic range, and acid range also called acidic range

spontaneous reaction

reaction that occurs without continuing outside help

reversible reaction

reaction that proceeds either direction

electrolytic cell

electricity produces a chemical reaction

fuel cell

produces electricity and is continually replenished from outside source

voltaic cell

chemical reaction produces electricity

acid

sour taste

base

bitter taste, slippery feel

salt and water

formed by an acid and base

reactants

substances that undergo chemical change (left)

products

 new substances produced (right)

endothermic reaction

energy is absorbed

exothermic reaction

energy is released

reduction

an atom gains an electron

oxidation

an atom loses an electron

anode

where oxidation occurs

cathode

where reduction occurs

balanced equation

chemical equation that has the same number of atoms of each element on both sides

activation energy

kinetic energy that’s necessary for molecules to react

combination reaction

two or more substances combine to form a new substance

decomposition

compounds break down

organic chemistry

study of compounds containing carbon

pH scale

represents concentration of hydrogen

base range

range 7.1-14 on pH scale

acid range

range 0-6.9 on pH scale

acid-base indicator

substance that changes color depending on pH; example __litmus__

alcohol

one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by -OH groups

alkane

single bonds between carbon

alkene

one or more double bonds between carbon atoms

alkyne

one or more triple bonds between carbon atoms

aromatic

ring of carbon atoms

carboxylic

contain the group -COOH

ester

contain -COO- group

haloalkanes

one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by halogen atoms ***(Cl, Br, or I)***

• L = loss

• E = electron

• O = oxidation

• G = gains

• E = electrons

• R = reduction

what does “LEO says GER” stand for?

redox reaction

electrons are transferred between atoms

first law of thermodynamics

relates energy gained by a system to the energy lost by its surroundings

single-displacement reaction

an element in a compound is replaced by another element

double-displacement reaction

two compounds exchange atoms or ions

le chatelier’s principle

system at equilibrium is disturbed, the system will react to partially offset the disturbance

neutralization

when a strong acid and strong base react to produce water and a salt

electroplating

electrolytic cells form a thin coating of metal on an object

buffer

doesn’t change in pH because it contains a weak acid and weak base

chemical kinetics

deals with rates of chemical reactions