Latin GCSE Grammar

Adverb

-e/-ter at the end

-ly

Future tense

- bo, bis, bit, am, es, et

- will

Pluperfect tense

- eram, eras, erat, eramus, eratis, erant

- had done something

Impersonal verbs

- licuit, necesse est

- it was permitted, it was necessary

Present participle

- ns/nt

- ing

Imperfect passive

- bar, baris, batur, bamus, bamini, bantur

- was being something-ed

Future passive

- bor, beris, bitur, ar, eris, etur

- will be something-ed

Perfect passive participle

- 4th principle part

- having been something-ed

Perfect passive verbs

- 4th principle part + present tense of sum e.g. captus sum, es, est, capti sumus, estis, sunt

- I was something-ed

Pluperfect passive verb

4th principle part + past tense of sum e.g. missus eram, eras, erat, missi eramus, eratis, erant

- had been something-ed

Present passive verb

- r, ris, tur, mur, mini, ntur

- am/are/is e.g. I am called

Present passive infinitive

- ari, eri, i, iri

- to be something-ed

Perfect active participle

- (set list of vocab, usually deponent verbs)

- hortor, hortatus; patior, passus

- having something-ed eg. hortatus = having tried

Imperfect subjunctive

- infinitive + m, s, t, mus, tis, nt

- normal imperfect

- was something e.g. portarem = I was carrying

Imperfect passive subjunctive

- infinitive + r, ris, tur

- was being something-ed

- e.g. portarer = I was being carried

Pluperfect subjunctive

- perfect stem + isse + m, s, t, mus, tis, nt

- had something-ed

- e.g. portavissem = had carried

Pluperfect passive subjunctive

- had been something-ed

- portatusessem = had been carried

Purpose clause

- ut/ne + subjunctive

- in order to...

Result clause

- signpost word + ut/ne + subjunctive

- that

Indirect command

- bossy verb + ut/ne + subjunctive

- to

Cum clauses

cum + infinitive + m, s, t, mus, tis, nt (imperfect subjunctive)

- when or since + was doing something

Dum clauses ( + indicative)

- dum + infinitive

- dum = while

Dum clauses (+ subjunctive)

- dum + subjunctive

- dum = until

Ablative absolute (present participle)

- present participle in the ablative

- with a noun in the ablative

- while the noun was verbing

Ablative absolute (perfect passive participle)

- perfect passive participle in the ablative

- with a noun in the ablative

- after the noun had been verbed

Future active participle

- PPP with -ur before the ending

- about to something

- e.g. portaturus = about to carry

Future active infinitive

- future (active) participle + esse

- to be about to (do) something

- e.g. portaturus esse = to be about to carry

Perfect active infinitive

- perfect stem + isse (not to be confused with pluperfect subj.)

- to have something-ed

- e.g. ambulavisse = to have walked

Perfect passive infinitive

- PPP + esse (not to be confused with pluperfect passive subj.)

- to have been something-ed

e.g. portatus esse = to have been carried

Indirect statement

- above the neck verb + accusative + infinitive

- (verb will be in the infinitive)

- (present infinitive translated to 'is/are something')

- (add that so it makes sense)

Fearing verb

- fearing verb + ne + imp. subj.

- ...were fearing that...would...

Comparative adverb

- adverb but with -ius at the end

- more + adverb

Comparative adjective

- ior

- more ...

Ablative of comparison

- ior + noun in the ablative

- more...than

Ad + gerundive

- ad + gerundive (verb with -nd, e.g. bibendum, videndum)

- in order to do something/to do something

- e.g. ad bibendum = in order to drink