SkeletalSystem Part 2

Complete fracture

a break that extends through the entire thickness of the bone

Incomplete fracture

bone is not broken all the way through

Oblique fracture

fracture at an angle to the bone

Transverse fracture

complete fracture that is straight across the bone at right angles to the long axis of the bone

Spiral fracture

a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart

Comminuted fracture

fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed

Compression (aka stress, hairline, fissure) fracture

Greenstick fracture

bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children

Hematoma

a solid swelling of clotted blood within the tissues.

Fibrocartilage (Soft) Callus

Rubber-like cartilage bridge that stabilizes the break.

Bony Callus

Soft callus hardens into spongy bone.

Remodeling

The process by which bone is constantly renewed by the resorption and formation of the bone structure.

Osteoporosis

a condition in which the bones become fragile and break easily

Rheumatoid arthritis

a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked

Gout

a type of arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints

Joint/Articulation

The place where two bones come into contact.

Metabolic Bone Disease

Any disorder affecting bone strength (ex: osteoporosis, rickets).

Rickets

Vitamin D deficiency → soft, weak bones in children.

Paget's Disease

Bone breaks down & rebuilds abnormally → enlarged, weak bones.

Fibrous

Bones joined by fibrous tissue, no movement (skull sutures).

Cartilaginous

Bones joined by cartilage, slight movement (vertebrae).

Synovial

Bones separated by joint cavity, lots of movement (knee, shoulder).

Synarthrotic

No movement (skull).

Amphiarthrotic

Slight movement (vertebrae).

Diarthrotic / Synovial

Freely movable (knee, elbow, shoulder).

Synovial Joint Types: Ball and Socket

All directions (shoulder, hip).

Synovial Joint Types: Hinge

Back and forth (knee, elbow).

CONNECTIVE TISSUE: Ligament

Bone to bone

CONNECTIVE TISSUE: Tendon

Muscle to bone.

JOINT STRUCTURES: Synovial Membrane

The lining of the joint capsule that produces synovial fluid.

JOINT STRUCTURES: Synovial Fluid

Lubricates joint, reduces friction.

MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS: Origin

Fixed end of muscle.

MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS: Insertion

Moving end of muscle.

Flexion

Bending (decrease angle).

Extension

Straightening (increase angle).

Abduction

Move away from midline.

Adduction

Move toward midline.

Rotation

Turn around an axis.

Dorsiflexion

Foot up (toes to shin).

Plantar Flexion

Foot down (tiptoes).

Circumduction

Circular movement (arm circles).

Pronation

Palm down.

Supination

Palm up.

Phagocyte

Cell that eats bacteria/debris (cleanup crew).

ACL

anterior cruciate ligament of the knee

PCL

posterior cruciate ligament