module 17 18

as

smallest coin in value, 1lb bronzez

1 aureus

25 denarii

made of gold

what could coins be used for, what was on them, who was the first on one

spread news and ideas, emperors or gods and events, ancestors or themes

julius caesar

during republic and early empire the temple of () held the ()

saturn, aerarium (state treasury)

controlled by quaesters (financial magistrates

fiscus

fund conrolled by emperor

what did the republic do to gateher revenue

publicany (holders of state contracts) collect provinical taxes

empire collect revenue how

tax collection is a city responsibility

emperor tiberius thoughts on taxes

it is good shepeard who shear the flock not skin it

portoria

customs duties

goods crossing provincial or imperial borders

romes trade made it a far as india

phallus was considered, by what deity

apotropaic , protective

deflect evil eye by deity fascinus

phallus placed in dangerous spots

fascina

phallic imagery on jewelry

sexual rules (3)

only with spouse

only at night

woman cant enjoy too much (only lower class people do)

adultery

double standard (ok for men, not ok for women)

tribades

lesbian women who enjoy being active together

upper classes view on falling in love

shameful since marriage wasnt for love

turned men into slaves, madly inlove, make fun of men who fall in love with prostitues, lower class feels different

concubine

non slave woman kept by an unmarried man, illegitamate

prostitution thoughts and characteristics

common, accepatable, all kind of people

cheap and common

helped to avoid offending by relieving needs of men

hobby of single males

lupanar + carving

brothel in pompeii

dih carving on rock towards it

what did prostitues wear

light blue male toga

who were prostitues registered by

the city aediles, married women could be prost.

taxed

state revenue

sex and religion (fertility) connected

phalluses

tintinnabula

phalluses with bells

bronze windchimes

fertility, good luck

who is priapus what did he embody

fertility god with huge phallus

son of dionysus and aphrodite

ass sacrificed (lust and stupidity)

not taken serious

wooden statues put in gardens aqs scarecrow

sexual misconduct is covered by

stuprum

adultery was a major concern and so what happened when it happeed

both parties punished

divorce women

lose half dowry, third property

male lost half property

limit ability to inherit

exiled

cloaca maxima

central sewer taking refuce out and into tiber river

flooding of the tiber common how did it happen and what did it cause

wate4r pools weakened the foundation, it formed breedinmg pools for mosquitos

moldyu smelly messy health and safety hazard

what was an issue with insulae

overcrowding ked to them collapsing

unsaqfe streets

heavby transport only allowed on streets (lesstraffic but noisy)

what is romes first province

sicily

provincia is

task responsibility of a magistrate

coomes to mean province or territory

what happens in 1st bce considering romes land how dpo they do it

actively expanding borders

allys with weak land as protectors and then conquers it

creates conditions for a just war (bellum iustum)

what did the conept imperium change to

command /authority —> power dominion (empire)

pax romana

roman peace

what is the scramenton

recruits swore by this as an oath in the early days

in the later empire how could soldiers be branded for recruitment

tattooed, maded it harder to run away from the army

facts about soldiers

20yr min service

until the 3rd century they could not marry

legion was divided into () cohorts

10

1 cohort

6 centuries (80 jmen, 480 men/cohort)

1 century

10 contubernium (tent parties of 8 men) who shared stuff

who commands each legion

legate

aquilifer

carried legions eagle standard

praefectus castrorum does what

organizes legions camp every night

onager

wild ass

stone throwing artillery peace

1 for each cohort 10/legion

auxilia is latin for

helpers

auxiliaries (non citizens) served as and for how long

slingers, javelin throwers, archers (long range stuff) scouts and cavalory

25 years —> citizenship

what is decimation

worst punishment in army, entire cohort, cowardly acts (flee, disobey)

divided into groups of 10 and drew lots, one lot meant you get ckilled by stoning or clubbing from 9 others

what is frumentum mutatum

punish unit by switching diet from wheat to barely (fed like animals)

triumph

wars won, 5000 enemy dead

soldiers equipment

legionaries carry 2 6 foot javelins with soft points called pilum

short thrusting swored (gladius)

rectangle shield (wood,leather) scutum

thick soled military sandals (caligae)

road construction tools (marius mules)

weight of all tools 90lbs

praetorian guard

9 cohorts 1000 men (italian)

commanded by praetorian prefect

escort emperor guard palace

inner body guards are german

only soldiars in rome

vigiles

watchment firement

7×1000

ex slaves

when did the roman develop the navy

1st punic war

captured cathaginian ships as models

classiarii

marines, lighter equipment like the auxilia

sailors tunics and ship sales were what colour, why

light blue , camoflauge