Biology of the Fungi - Basidiomycota

characteristics of Divis. Basidiomycota (D.C.P)

Dolipore septum - swelling at central pore

Clamp Connections

Basidium - location of nuclear fusion and meiosis

What are the two basidium types

Holobasidium - non septate (gilled, bracket, coral, puffballs)

Heterobasidium - septate (jelly, rust, smut)

What are the three orders in class hymenomycetes (A.B.A))

Agaricales - gilled

boletales - boletes

Aphyllophorales - bracket fungi

Defining characteristics of order agaricales

• saprophytes

• ectomycorrhizal

• wood and litter decayers

what are the structures of order agaricales

gills

cap

annulus

stipe

cup

mycelia

what is the largest food crop money wise in ON

Agaricus brunnescens

what are common food source agaricales mushrooms

Lentinula edodes - shiitake

Pleurotus ostreatus - oyster mushroom

Flammulina velutipes - enoki

Volvariella volvacea - straw mushroom

what are some common harvested wild mushrooms in Agaricales

Lactarius deliciosus - orange milk cap

Tricholoma magnivelare - pine mushroom

Agaricus arvensis - horse mushroom

Lepista nuda - wood blewit

Marasmius oreades

• fairy rung mushroom

• fruit bodies in rings

3 zones of growth

• zone of stimulation at outer margin,s timulates grass growth

• dead zone, grass killed by cyanide production

• inner zone, stimulates grass growth by nutrient release

Amanita muscaria

• fly agaric

• historical insecticide added to milk

• poisonous when 15+ eaten

• contain neurotoxins ibotenic acid and muscimol (hallucinogens)

Armillaria mellea

• honey mushroom

• parasitic on woody plant roots

• can survive many years in dead roots/stumps

produce rhizomorphs

• creates white mycelial mat that is bioluminescent

• decay moves into heartwood

characteristics about order boletales

• pores of tubes

• all ectomycorhizal

-most are edible

what are the three important genera of boletales (B.S.L)

• boletus

• suillus

• leccinum

Boletus edulis

most prized bolete

king bolete

characteristics of order aphyllophorales

• coral, bracket and tooth fungi

• usually very tough - basidiomata

• wood/litter decomposers

whata re the two hyphae types of aphyllophorales

generative hyphae - thin walled, non branching, cytoplasmic contents

skeletal hyphae - thick walled, rigid frame, non branching, strength

what are the 6 families of aphyllophorales (C.T.C.C.H.P)

• Corticeae

• Thelophoraceae

• Clavariaceae

• Cantharellaceae

• hydnaceae

• Polyporaceae

Corticeae

crusts under logs and branches

thelephoraceae

stipitate with smooth hymenium

Clavariaceae

-club and coral fungi with smooth hymenium

• Ex Clavaria and Ramaria

Cantharellaceae

• chanterelles

• stipitate wrinkled hymenium

Example of Cantharellaceae

Cantharellus cibarius (chanterelle)

Hydnaceae

• tooth fungi

example of hydnaceae

Hydnum repandum - hedgehog fungi

Polyporaceae

polypores (bracket) fungi

Example of polyporaceaes

Fomes fomentarius - tinder conk

Ganoderma applanatum - artists conk

Trametes versicolor - turkey tails

White rot

lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose attacked

Brown rot

hemicellulose and cellulose attacked, only lignin remains

Amanitin mushroom toxin types

Amanitin virosa - destroying angel

Amanitin phalloides - death cap

how does amanitin toxin work?

epithelial cells take up toxin, undergo degenerative alteration. Enters into the blood stream and into the liver

what are the 3 phases of amanitin toxin

GI Phase - 8-48h

Honeymoon pahse -48-72h

Terminal phase - 72-96h

Coprine toxin types

Coprinus atramentarius (tipplers bowl)

Coprinus spp. - inky caps

Symptoms of coprine toxins

warmth, flush face, arm leg tingling, metallic taste

What type of toxin only effects those if they have alcohol wihtin their system

Coprine

Class Gasteromycetes characteristics

gleba (spore mass)

puffballs, stinkhorns, birds nest fungi

saprophytes on soil, rotting wood, dung

what are the 5 orders of Gasteromycetes (L.S.H.P.R)

Lycoperdales

Sclerodermatales

Hymenogastrales

Phallales

Nidulariales

Lycoperdales

puffballs and earth stars

Sclerodermatales

earthballs

Hymenogastrales

false truffles

Phallales

stinkhorns

Nidulariales

birds nest fungi

example of lycoperdales puffballs

Lycoperdon pyriforme - pear shaped puffball (on wood)