Body Systems

What is the correct direction of blood flow?

right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery

What muscular tube carries food between the pharynx and stomach?

esophagus

The secretion of antibodies by lymphocyte B cells provides

humoral immunity

Through which structure do wastes pass into the rectum?

large intestine

What can occur if two different blood types mix?

agglutination

What structures are used for mechanical digestion?

teeth and stomach

What blood type is the universal donor?

O-

What order does oxygen enter the body?

trachea → lungs → bronchioles → alveoli → blood

Memory cells provide ___

an accelerated immune response after second exposure to an antigen

What does the pancreas produce?

hormones to regulate sugar, enzymes to break down stuff, sodium bicarbonate which neutralizes stomach acid

What T cell kills cells that have been infected with viruses?

cytotoxic T cells

What prevents the mixing of oxygen rich and poor blood?

septum

What is a passageway for air and food?

pharynx

What extracts water from digested food and absorbs vitamin K?

large intestine

What happens when the epiglottis doesn’t close over the trachea when someone swallows?

the person may choke

What enzyme in saliva breaks chemical bonds in starches from forming sugars?

amylase

Nonspecific defenses against invading pathogens include

mucus, sweat, and tears

Where does chemical digestion begin?

mouth

What is a substance that the immune system recognizes as foreign?

antigen

When infection occurs, white blood cells ____

increase

Where is villi found?

small intestine

What is part of the circulatory system?

blood, blood vessels, and heart

What does the circulatory system do?

remove waste from tissues

Compared to arteries, the walls of capillaries are ____

thinner

What contracts to force air into your lungs?

diaphragm

Do B cells fight multiple diseases?

No they can only recognize one antigen

Where is the pharynx and larynx located?

pharynx above epiglottis, larynx under it

What path does blood flow through the circulatory system?

arteries → capillaries → veins

The tongue forms ____

bolus

The esophagus breaks down bolus to form _____

chyme

The esophagus uses the enzymes ______ _____ and _____ to digest _____

hydrochloric acid, pepsin, proteins

What has a lining of cells that produce mucus for protection?

esophagus

What do the sphincters do?

close off the stomach

What happens when the sphincters leak?

heartburn or acid reflux

Where does most digestion occur?

small intestine

What produces bile (digests fat)?

liver

What stores bile?

gall bladder

chief cells

produce pepsin that break down proteins

capillaries

transport nutrients, connect arteries to veins

parietal cells

produce hydrochloric acid

arteries

carry blood away from the heart

veins

carry blood to the heart

pulmonary circulation

blood to lungs then to heart to get oxygen

systemic circulation

to the body and back

hemoglobin

in red blood cells, protein that binds oxygen and has iron

red blood cells

(erythrocytes), most abundant, produced in bone marrow, contain hemoglobin

white blood cells

(leukocytes), fight pathogens

plasma

contains electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, clotting factors, and proteins

platelets

(thrombocytes), clotting factors in plasma, clot in coagulation to seal a wound

agglutinogens

proteins on surface of red blood cells

agglutinin

antibodies in blood plasma

Rh factor

determines if there is an extra protein or not

Koch’s Postulate

determines if a certain pathogen causes a specific disease

Who created penicillin and when?

Alexander Fleming in 1928

humoral immunity

B cells, receptors bind to antigen, divides to make plasma and memory cells, plasma cells make antibodies, memory cells are kept to defend against that virus

cell mediated response

T cells, receptors bind to antigen, divides to make cytotoxic T cells (killer T cells), helper T cells, and memory cells, here T cells activate killer T cells and B cells

myocardium

muscular middle layer of the heart wall

pericardium

double walled sac that surrounds the heart

duodenum

first part of the small intestine

Jejunum

middle section of small intestine

ileum

final section of small intestine

What moves into tissues during the second line of defense?

macrophages

Blood vessels ____ due to _____ during the second line of defense

dilate, histamine

Which immune response creates antibodies?

humoral

Alveoli contain ______

capillaries with hemoglobin, oxygen goes to the capillaries and is taken in by the hemoglobin which is transported through the blood stream

Which lung has 3 lobes?

right- the left side has an indent for the heart

arteries carry blood (to/away from) the heart

away from

veins carry blood (to/away from) the heart

to

the right side of the heart has _______ blood

deoxygenated

the left side of the heart has ______ blood

oxygenated