history

microbiology

a branch of science that studies microorganisms. They are a large and diverse group of microscopic organisms made of a single cell or cluster of cells. They are very minot in size, so we need the aid of a microscope to observe them.

lucretius and girolamo fracastoro

Suggested that diseases were caused by “invisible living

creatures.”

girolamo fracastoro

wrote the contagiom theory

girolamo fracastoro

He had an idea about the mode of transmission. According to his book, diseases can be transferred from one thing to another, they called that the “fomites.”

hippocrates

said that “No diseases are not from supernatural causes but natural”

causes.

blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile

4 humors

robert hooke

Reported to the world that life’s smallest structural units

were “little boxes,” or “cells”

marked the beginning of cell theory

francisco stelluti

Made the earliest observations on bees and weevils using

a microscope supplied by Galileo.

cell theory

All living things are composed of cells.

antin van leeuwenhoek

Considered as the “first true microbiologist”

Made detailed drawings of “animalcules” in rainwater, in

his own feces, and in material scraped from his teeth.

rbc, protozoa, sperm cell

First type of cells that leeuwenhoek observed were

animalcules

Tiny living and moving cells.

Also called “wee beasties”

Observed in droplets of water, which may also refer to

body fluids.

spontaneous generation

Believed that some life forms could arise spontaneously

from non-living matter.

aristotle

first to believe in spontaneous generation

francisco redi

Demonstrate that maggots did not arise spontaneously

from decaying meat (1668)

Results of his investigation invalidated the long-held belief

that life forms could arise from non-living things.

francisco redi

father of experimental biology

john needham

Observed that a boiled mutton broth eventually became

cloudy after pouring it into a flask that was then sealed

tightly.

Claimed that microbes developed spontaneously from the

fluids.

Asserted that organic matter possessed a “vital force” that

could give rise to life.

lazzaro spallanzani

Suggested that microorganisms from the air probably had

entered Needham's solutions after they were boiled

proposed that air carried microorganisms to the culture

medium

showed that nutrient fluids heated after being sealed in a

flask did not develop microbial growth

anton laurent lavoisier

Showed the importance of oxygen to life.

rudolf virchow

Challenged the case for spontaneous generation with the

concept of biogenesis.

He started the study of Histology, he observed that living

cells are from pre-existing living cells, they are not from

non-living matter.

biogenesis

Living cells can arise only from pre-existing living cells.

theodor schwann

Observed that no growth occurred in a flask that contained

a nutrient solution after allowing the air to pass through a

heated tube.

heinrich schroder and theodore von dusch

Noticed that no growth occurred after allowing the air to

pass through a sterile cotton wool placed on a flask of

heat-sterilized medium

louis pasteur

disproved the doctrine of spontaneous generation

demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air

and can contaminate sterile solutions, but that air itself

does not create microbes. It’s not the air that creates

microbes, it’s just the place where they thrive but it is not

where they arise from.

aseptic techniques

techniques that prevent contamination by unwanted

microorganisms, which are now the standard practice in

laboratory and many medical procedures

john tydall

Showed that dust carry germs that could contaminate a

sterile broth

tyndallization

is a form of sterilization in the 19th century that uses moist

heat for 3 consecutive days to eradicate vegetative cells

and endospores

autoclaving

replaced tyndallization in the present

ferdinand cohn

Discovered that there are bacteria that could withstand a

series of heating and boiling because of heat resistant

structures known as endospores.

fermentation and pasteurization

golden age of microbiology

theodor schwann

stated that yeast cells are responsible for the conversion

of sugars to alcohol

louis pasteur, fermentation

Found that microorganisms called yeasts convert the

sugars to alcohol in the absence of air: —-

pasteurization

solution to the spoilage problem was to heat the

beer and wine just enough to kill most of the bacteria that

caused the spoilage:

bacteria

Souring and spoilage are caused by different

microorganisms

germ theory of disease

Microorganisms might have relationships with plants and

animals---specifically, that microorganisms might cause

disease

agostino bassi

had proved that another silkworm disease was caused by

a fungus.

ignaz semmelweis

demonstrated that physicians, who at the time did not

disinfect their hands, routinely transmitted infections

(puerperal, or child -birth, fever) from one obstetrical

patient to another

demonstrated that routine hand washing can prevent the

spread of disease

joseph lister

introduced the system of antiseptic surgery in Britain

applied the germ theory to medical procedures

began treating surgical wounds with a phenol solution

pioneered in promoting among surgeons handwashing

before and after an operation, the wearing of gloves,

sterilization of surgical instruments.

robert koch

First to show irrefutable proof that bacteria indeed

cause disease

robert koch

discovered Bacillus anthracis in the blood of cattle

that had died of anthrax

robert koch

Discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis

robert koch

first to cultivate bacteria on boiled potatoes, gelatin,

meat extracts and protein

koch’s postulates

established a sequence of experimental steps for

directly relating a specific microbe to a specific

disease

The microorganism should be found in all cases

of the disease in question, and its distribution in

the body should be in accordance with the lesions

observed.

first koch’s postulate

The microorganism should be grown in pure

culture in vitro (or outside the body of the host)

for several generations.

2nd koch postulate

When such a pure culture is inoculated into

susceptible animal species, the typical disease

must result.

3rd koch postulate

pure culture

it has no other microorganisms.

The microorganism must again be isolated from

the lesions of such experimentally produced

disease.

4th koch postulate

koch’s postulate

tells us that specific bacteria cause a specific disease.

fanny hesse

suggested the use of agar, a solidifying agent, in the

preparation of the culture media

julius richard petri

developed the Petri Dish, which is a circular glass or

plastic plate for holding the culture media.

martinis beijerink and sergei winogradsky

developed the enrichment-culture technique and the use

of selective media

inhibitory and selectivw

types of culture media

edward jenner

embarked on an experiment to find a way to protect

people from smallpox

introduced the concept of vaccination

variolation

practice done before the birth of the concept of vaccination.

louis pasteur and pierre paul emile roux

used the term vaccine for an attenuated culture

both made a series of experiments to produced attenuated

strains of bacteria

prove that when attenuated strains are introduced into a

healthy host, the latter remains protected and healthy

against the virulent agent.

Bacillus anthracis attenuation

heating the bacterial suspension at 42 °C the bacteria loses its endospore - nonvirulent form of anthrax

cholera attenuation

serial passages

rabies vaccine

by drying the spinal cords of rabbits using the material to prepare a series of 14 injections of increasing virulence.

charles chamberland

created a porcelain bacterial filter and developed the

anthrax vaccine together with Pasteur

emil von behring

prepared antitoxins for diphtheria and tetanus

elie metchunikoff

first to described the immune system cells and the process

of phagocytosis

chemotherapy

treatment of disease by using chemical substances

chemical treatment of non-infectious diseases, such as

cancer

antibiotics

chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act

against other microorganisms.

synthetic drugs

chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the

laboratory

paul ehrlich

speculated about a “bullet" that could hunt down and

destroy a pathogen without harming the infected host

salvarsan

ehrlich found a chemotherapeutic agent called - which is an arsenic derivative effective against

syphilis

selman waksman

discovered streptomycin and neomycin antibiotics

regarded as “Father of Antibiotics” by some historians.

alexander fleming

accidentally discovered Penicillin

Penicillium chrysogenum

mold was later identified as Penicillium notatum (later

renamed

howard florey and ernst chain

Made the purification process for penicillin and clinical

trials to humans

edward abraham

First to propose the correct biochemical structure of

Penicillin.