Social Unit 2- The Reformations and Religious Wars

John Wycliffe

alive during western schism, believed people should read and interpret the bible on their own and criticized the clergy.

Erasmus

“laid the egg that Luther hatched.” Wanted to reform church from within, believed in free will

Johann Gutenberg

invented the printing press that allowed vernacular texts to be spread en masse.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement in the 16th century that aimed to reform the Catholic Church and split the Christian Church in Western Europe and led to new churches.

Causes: financial corruption, abuse of power, immorality

What sparked the Protestant Reformation

Pope Leo X needs money for St. peter’s Basillica so he sells indulgences(reduce one’s time in purgatory) which angered Martin Luther and led him to post his Ninety-Five Theses.

Language Barriers

Many did not know latin- only clergy- so they relied on the church clergy to translate the bible for them.

Martin Luther

German monk and professor of theology who was a leader of the Protestant Reformation. He objected Johann Tetzel’s selling of indulgences and emphasized salvation through faith alone. In 1517 he wrote his 95 Theses and nailed it to the church door in Wittenburg, Germany. He criticized indulgences, papal power and the wealth of the Church. He believed in good works.

Johann Tetzel

Authorized by Pope Leo X to sell indulgences. The proceeds went to build the Basilica in Rome and local churches.

Holy Roman Empire in 1500s

Modern day Germany, not a united nation but many independent states which each had their own Prince. Holy Roman Emperor was Charles V who was Catholic.

Charles V

Ruled not only the HRE but also Italy and France but he did not have power or control over these territories and failed to fight the Protestant Reformation. He reigned from 1516-1556. He interrogated Luther at the Diet of Worms but fails to arrest him in 1521 and later warrant this in the Edict of Worms. As he continues to lose control he fights the Schmalkaldic War(1546-47) unsuccessfully attempting to end Lutheranism in Northern Germany

Why did Protestants Break from Rome

Constant attack by Catholic Church forced Luther to create his own theology. He wrote three greta works which cause Pope Leo X to create a Papal Bull in 1520 condemning Luther’s works which Luther then burned. As a result he was excommunicated later in 1521 and Charles V passed measures to suppress Luther’s disguise.

Diet of Worms/ Edict of Worms

Luther was summoned by Charles V to this imperial Diet where he ordered Luther to leave the city after seeing the mixed opinions that princes had of him but Frederick the wise saved him. He was later declared him an outlaw in the Edict of Worms after Luther committed himself to Protestantism and wrote his works

Why did Frederick the Wise save Luther?

Luther studied at a University located in Frederick’s state. He faked a highway incident to save Luther and hid him in his castle where they had little contact. He was Catholic but sympathetic toward Protestant ideas

protestant

Those who believed that the Bible was the only source of revelation (sola fide), and in the priesthood of all believers. Some sects were Lutheran Church, Calvinist church, ans the Anglican Church

How did Lutheranism differ from Catholicism?

• Sola scriptura

• Sola fide

• no purgatory

• reject indulgences

• only baptism and Eucharist as sacraments

• consubstantiation

• Removal of images from Churches

• bible in vernacular

Other Reformers

Ulrich Zwingli- Jesus is symbolic in eucharist, theocracy. Was once a catholic priest like Luther, agreed with sola fide and sola scriptura, and the removal of religious images from the Church

John Calvin- predestination and the elect

John Knox(Scotland)- Presbyterian church

Marburg Colloquy

A meeting between Luther and Zwingli in 1529 attempting to settle a dispute but they couldn’t agree on the Eucharist.

Ulrich Zwingli

Protestant who faced strong opposition from all other group and was killed in the Battle of Kappel in 1531

What did King Henry VIII want?

Henry VIII had six wives, he wanted a son and asked the Pope to annul his marriage with Catherine of Aragon.

The Reformation Parliament

A gathering that led to the decision that England would no loner be under Papal power. The 1534 Act of Supremacy forced all subjects of England to recognize Henry VIII as the “Supreme Head of the Church of England.” Under the treason act, failure to do so is punishable by death.

Henry VIII

Son of Henry VII the first Tudor monarch after claiming the throne at the end of the War of the Roses. He initiated the English Reformation by divorcing his first wife and separating from the Catholic Church. His marriage to Anne Boleyn occured in 1533 before he became Supreme head. Anne was executed in 1536 and Henry had four wives afterwards. His advisors were Wolsey, Thomas More, Thomas Cromwell and Thomas Canmer. After the Act of Supremacy, he gave auhtority to run the government to Cromwell and the Anglican Church to Cranmer. He didn’t do much to reform and his Church stayed pretty similar to Catholic. His children were Edward VI(protestant), Mary I(catholic), and Elizabeth I(protestant)

The Tudors

Ruled from 1485-1603 and created a national monarchy. They successfully centralized the power and took power from the Nobility.

Dissolution of the Monasteries

1536-1541- the destruction or sale of Church property in England, Wales and Ireland.sometimes referred to as the Suppression of the Monasteries, was the set of administrative and legal processes between 1536 and 1541 by which Henry VIII disbanded Catholic monasteries, priories, convents and friaries in England, Wales and Ireland.

Robert Aske

Led the Pilgrimage of Grace to rebel in 1536 as a repsonse to the dissolution of the Monasteries. Henry VIII had him executed for treason in 1537

Effects of Henry VIII

Bloody Mary was raised Catholic and killed around 300 Protestants.

Elizabeth I was raised Protestant and ruled for 44 years, she was the Virgin Queen and rueld during the Spanish Armada. She was a politique

Edward VI reigned shortly and then died. He wrote the Book of Common Prayer that became the order for all Church services in England

Counter-Reformation

In reaction to the Protestant Reformation, they reaffirmed the seven sacraments, veneration of saints and the papal authority. Began with the Council of Trent (1545-1563). Wanted to preserve the power, influence and wealth. So they

• defended religious traditions

• reformed their institutions

• created new religious orders

  • Ignatius Loyola- Jesuits

  • Pope’s storm troopers who preach and teach overseas

  • Also Capuchins, Ursulines, Carmelites- same + care for sick

  • did charity work

• spiritual movements

  • mysticism- Teresa of Avila and John of the Cross

  • baroque art

• political dimensions(warfare)

They organized the Roman Inquisition to suppress Lutheranism and the Spanish Inquisition. They also created an Index of Forbidden Books. They cracked down on simony and nepotism and trained their priests strictly.

Baroque Art

Elaborate, vibrant, opulent art that flourished in Europe. Originating in Italy it spread from there. It meant to inspire worshippers and depicted religious themes. It appealed to the illiterate to teach them about their faith in response to Protestants who had nothing in their Churches. Subjects were dramatized in body position, colour and depth

Mysticism

The belief that one can directly communicate with God through deep prayer, meditation and spiritual visions.

Gian Lorenzo Bernini made the Ecstasy of St. Theresa in 1647-52

Peace of Augsburg

1555 signed as a compromise where Charles V divided his empire between Phillip II and his brother Ferdinand allowing Lutheranism and Catholicism to coexist.

Phillip II of Spain

Known as the Defender of Catholicism and was most powerful until1588. His victories includes the Peace of Cateau-Cambresis(1559) which ends the Habsburg-Valois Wars and the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 where they won a naval battle against the Turks resulting in Spanish control of the Mediterranean. He hated Elizabeth because she refused his hand in marriage and she aided the Dutch in rebelling against Spain AND she was Protestant.

Spain vs. England

Phillip II married Mary Tudor- after her death the relations with England faded. Elizabeth I’s Thirty-Nine Articles in 1563 declared moderate Protestantism the official relgion as a compromise but Pope Pius V excommunicated her in 1570. Phillip assisted Catholic radicals such as Mary Stuart Queen of Scots to overthrow her throne.

Elizabeth I the Politique

She reigned unmarried for 45 years with William Cecil as her advisor. She allowed religious toleration and sponsored discovery and arts. She also sponsored the Netherlands against Spain.

Spanish Armada

1587- 1595 five attempts Queen E hired Francis Drake to stop Armada raided their supplies, aided by weather failed everytime.

The Netherlands

The wealthiest center of banking and shipping, generally Calvinist but very tolerant. The loss of Spanish rule would greatly weaken Spain. Started as religious movement and evolved into a struggle for Dutch Independence. Dispatch from Spain to reform church in 1561, they raised taxes and suppress Calvinism(iconoclasm) ruthless killing. Held Inquisitorial tribunals to force Netherlands back into Catholicism. The Spanish fury in 1576 resulted in 7000 dead so Catholic south and Protestant north untied to fight the Hapsburgs. Spain then began to focus on England and France in 1580s, truce in 1609.

French Wars of Religion

Protestants Bourbon vs Catholic Guise. In 1562 Duke of Guise murders French Protestants at Vassy setting of the war. Catherine de Medici-regent for Charles IX was protected and controlled by the Guises. 1570 Peace of Saint- Germain- en- Laye attempted to compromise allowing SOME freedom for Protestants

St. Bartholemew’s Day Massacre- 1572

Catherine arranged Protestant Henry of Navarre and Catholic Margaret of Valois resulting in the murder of 20,000 Protestants leading to a 15 year civil war. Henry of Navarre was cosen in the War of Three Henry’s because the others were assassinated.

Edict of Nantes

Henry IV(Navarre) becomes the King. Ends French Wars of Religion in 1598 offering toleration of Protestants. He converts to Catholicism because, “Paris is worth a mass”