The heart, ap exam 1

Fibrous pericardium

Superficial dense CT which protects and anchors heart

Serous pericardium

Produces serous fluid, parietal and visceral

epicardium

Visceral pericardium, covers outer surface heart

myocardium

Cardiac muscle fibers in a spirl, skeleton of heart

endocardium

Inner layer endothelium, also covers the valves

Interatrial septum

separates atria, when defected blood mixes between right and left

trabeculae carneae

Meaty appearance of chamber surface of heart wall, keeps walls from sunctioning together during contraction

Interventricular septum

Internal partition between right and left ventricles

tricuspid

3 cusps, separates the right atrium from the right ventricle

vein

Blood to heart

artery

Blood away from heart

bicuspid

2 cusps, separates left atrium from left ventricle

EKG

Measurement of electrical activity generated and transmitted in the heart during cardiac cycle due to depolarization and repolarization

P wave

atrial depolarization (contraction)

QRS complex

ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization

T wave

ventricular repolarization

arrhythmias

abnormal heart rhythms

bradycardia

slow heart rate (less than 60 bpm)

tachycardia

rapid heart rate over 100 beats per minute

Atrial flutter

Fast atrial contraction rate of atria

Heart block

Blockage of cardiac impulse

ventricular fibrillation

the rapid, irregular, and useless contractions of the ventricles

atrial fibrillation

rapid, random, ineffective contractions of the atrium

Asystole

absence of contractions of the heart

cardioacceleratory center

controls sympathetic neurons that increase the heart rate

Bainbridge reflex

Baroreceptors in atria relay afferent impulses to medulla for integration

cardioinhibitory center

controls the parasympathetic neurons that slow the heart rate, acts via aortic and carotid baroreceptors

intercalated disks

sits in between cardiac myocytes

hypovolemic shock

a condition resulting from insufficient blood volume, leading to decreased tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery.

orthostetic hypertension

a form of low blood pressure that occurs when standing up from sitting or lying down, leading to dizziness or fainting.

pulmanory vein

A blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.