Santa Clara High School - AP Chemistry Summer Review Packet 2025

Vocabulary flashcards covering core concepts from the AP Chemistry summer review packet, including polyatomic ions, nomenclature rules for acids and ionic compounds, reaction classifications, and chemical constants.

Ammonium

$$NH_4^+$$

Hydroxide

$$OH^-$$

Nitrate

$$NO_3^-$$

Nitrite

$$NO_2^-$$

Sulfate

$$SO_4^{2-}$$

Sulfite

$$SO_3^{2-}$$

Carbonate

$$CO_3^{2-}$$

Phosphate

$$PO_4^{3-}$$

Permanganate

$$MnO_4^-$$

Chromate

$$CrO_4^{2-}$$

Dichromate

$$Cr_2O_7^{2-}$$

Cyanide

$$CN^-$$

Acetate

$C_2H_3O_2^-$ or $CH_3COO^-$

Oxalate

$$C_2O_4^{2-}$$

Perchlorate

$$ClO_4^-$$

Chlorate

$$ClO_3^-$$

Chlorite

$$ClO_2^-$$

Hypochlorite

$$ClO^-$$

BrINClHOF

The seven diatomic elements: bromine ($Br_2$), iodine ($I_2$), nitrogen ($N_2$), chlorine ($Cl_2$), hydrogen ($H_2$), oxygen ($O_2$), and fluorine ($F_2$).

Synthesis Reaction

A chemical reaction where two or more substances combine to form a single new substance.

Decomposition Reaction

A chemical reaction where a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances.

Single-replacement Reaction

A chemical reaction in which one element replaces another element in a compound.

Double-replacement Reaction

A chemical reaction where the ions of two compounds exchange places in an aqueous solution to form two new compounds.

Acid Naming Rule: "-ate" ion

Corresponds to "-ic acid" (e.g., Sulfate becomes Sulfuric acid).

Acid Naming Rule: "-ite" ion

Corresponds to "-ous acid" (e.g., Sulfite becomes Sulfurous acid).

Acid Naming Rule: "-ide" ion

Corresponds to "hydro- -ic acid" (e.g., Chloride becomes Hydrochloric acid).

Strong Acids

Acids that completely ionize in water: $HI$, $HBr$, $HClO_4$, $HCl$, $HClO_3$, $H_2SO_4$, and $HNO_3$.

Strong Bases

Bases that completely ionize in water: $NaOH$, $KOH$, $LiOH$, $RbOH$, $CsOH$, $Ca(OH)_2$, $Ba(OH)_2$, and $Sr(OH)_2$.

Avogadro's Number

$$6.022 \times 10^{23}\,mol^{-1}$$

Planck's Constant ($h$)

$$6.626 \times 10^{-34}\,J\,s$$

Speed of Light ($c$)

$$2.998 \times 10^8\,m\,s^{-1}$$

Gas Constant ($R$)

$8.314\,J\,mol^{-1}\,K^{-1}$ or $0.08206\,L\,atm\,K^{-1}\,mol^{-1}$

Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)

$273.15\,K$ and $1.0\,atm$

Molar Volume at STP

The volume of an ideal gas at STP is $22.4\,L\,mol^{-1}$.

Empirical Formula

A formula showing the lowest whole-number ratio of elements in a compound.

Molecular Formula

A formula showing the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule of a compound.