Chapter 2: Cell Properties and Functions

In Vitro

To grow cell outside the body

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A protein synthesizing factory. It has embedded ribosomes that synthesize proteins in addition to transporting material through the cell. Broken down into the rough and smooth.

Rough ER

The place with the ribosome that the membrane bound and secreted proteins are made.

Smooth ER

A network of tiny interconnected tubules and contains no ribosomes. It’s primary function is to transport materials through the cell.

Golgi Complex

Consists of set of flattened curved, membrane-enclosed sacs that are stacked in layers. The newly made proteins travel through and the raw proteins are modified into their final form. Then the modified proteins are sorted and distributed to their final destination

Lysosmes

Membrane-enclosed sacs that contain hydrolysis acid. They are responsible for digesting and eliminating cellular water products, such as bacteria, from the cell.

Peroxisomes

Membrane-enclosed sacs that are smaller than lysosmes and contain several powerful oxidative enzymes. The enzymes use oxygen to strip hydrogen from specific molecules. This reaction serves to detoxify various water products produced within the cell, as well as foreign toxic compounds that have entered the cell, such as ethanol from alcoholic beverages.

Mitochrondrion

It derives energy from ingested nutrients and convert that energy to useable form (ATP)

Crisate

The inner membrane that forms a series of folds in the mitochrondira

Matrix

A gel-like solution

Anaerobic

Without O2

Aerobic

With O2

Vaults

Octagonal barrel-shaped structures that apparently transport either messenger RNA or ribosomal units from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

Skeletal Muscle

Responsible for moving the skeleton. The fibers are striated, and under voluntary control

Cardiac Muscle

Striated, but not under voluntary control

Smooth Muscle

Small spindle-shape. Is responsible for exerting pressure through certain structures. Not under voluntary control

Nervous Tissue

Is comprised of cell (neurons) specialized for initiation and transmission off electrical impulses necessary to control the body

Epithelial Tissue

Specialized for the exchange of materials between the cell and its environment and is organized into two types of structures

Epithelial Sheets

Comprise cells that cover and line various body parts. They serve as well as between the body and the contents of certain cavities that communicate with the outside environment

Secretory Glands

Epithelial tissue specialized for secretion from the cell in response to a given signal, and these can be exocrine (outside) or endocrine (Inside) glands

Connective tissue

Contains cells specialized to connect, support, and anchor different body parts

Redox

The cellular balance of reducing (gain of electrons) and oxidizing (loss of election) equivalents (a molecule, atom, or ion) in response to environmental stressors

basic Functions

Necessary for survival of the cell itself

Specialized Functions

Contribute to survival of system or body. Modification of basic cell fuction