Chemistry Chapter 11

Introductory Chemical Ninth Foundation

Electromagnetic radiation

Energy that travels through space in the form of waves​

Wavelength

The distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs in a wave​

Frequency

The number of waves that pass a given point per second​

Photons

Packets of energy carried by electromagnetic radiation

Quantized energy levels

The specific energy levels that electrons in an atom can occupy​

Wave mechanical model

The modern model of the atom that describes electrons in terms of probability distributions rather than fixed orbits

Orbital

A probability region around an atom's nucleus where an electron is likely to be found​

Principal energy levels

The major energy levels of an atom, labeled by quantum numbers (n=1, 2, 3, etc.)​

Sublevels

The subdivisions of principal energy levels, consisting of s, p, d, and f orbitals​

Pauli exclusion principle

A rule stating that an atomic orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons with opposite spins

Electron configuration

The arrangement of electrons in an atom's orbitals​

Orbital diagram

A representation of electron configurations using boxes and arrows to indicate electrons and their spins​

Box diagram

A visual way to represent the arrangement of electrons in orbitals

Valence electrons

The outermost electrons in an atom that are involved in chemical bonding​

Core electrons

The inner electrons in an atom that are not involved in bonding

Lanthanide series

A group of 14 elements following lanthanum in the periodic table, with atomic numbers 57-71​

Actinide series

A group of 14 elements following actinium in the periodic table, with atomic numbers 89-103​

Main-group elements

Elements in groups 1, 2, and 13-18 of the periodic table​

Representative elements

Another term for main-group elements, which include metals, nonmetals, and metalloids​

Metals

Elements that are typically good conductors of heat and electricity, malleable, and ductile​

Nonmetals

Elements that lack the properties of metals and are usually poor conductors of heat and electricity

Metalloids

Elements that have properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals​

Ionization energy

The energy required to remove an electron from an atom in the gaseous state​

Atomic size

A measure of the size of an atom, usually estimated by the distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms​