Exam 2 Extra Information

oxideroductase

transfer electrons between molecules (energy metabolism)

transferases

transfer functional groups between molecules

hydrolases

add water to covalent bonds to break down molecules

lyases

catalyze nonhydrolytic bond breakage and aid in new bonds forming

isomerases

move functional groups within a molecule (forms an isomer)

ligases

joins two molecules together

enzyme mechanisms to catalyze reactions

orient substrates so they react; induce strain by stretching substrate; temporarily add chemical groups

three steps of enzyme catalysis

initiation, transition state facilitation, termination

competitive inhibitor

compete with the natural substrate for binding site

uncompetitive inhibitor

bind to the enzyme-substrate complex, preventing release of products

noncompetitive inhibitor

bind to the enzyme at a different site (not the active site)

5 principles of metabolic pathways

complex transformations occur in a series of separate reactions; each reaction is catalyzed by a specific enzyme; many metabolic pathways are similar in all organisms; metabolic pathways are compartmentalized in specific organelles; key enzymes can be inhibited/activated to alter the rate of the pathway

reactants of glycolysis

glucose, 2 molecules of NAD+, 2 molecules of ATP

products of glycolysis

2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 molecules of NADH, 2 molecules of ATP

glycolysis location

cell cytoplasm

glycolysis process

glucose get oxidized and energy is released; ATP is produced via substrate-level phosphorylation

reactants pyruvate oxidation (2 times)

2 pyruvate, 2 NAD+, 2 coenzyme A

products of pyruvate oxidation (2 times)

2 acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2

reactants citric acid cycle (2 times)

2 acetyl CoA, NAD+, FAD, GDP, H2O

products citric acid cycle (2 times)

4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

pyruvate oxidation location

mitrochondrial matrix

citric acid cycle location

mitochondrial matix