Pre-AP Biology 2025 Final Exam Review Flashcards

Flashcards based on the review notes for the Pre-AP Biology final exam covering topics from cellular systems to genetics and cell membrane structure.

What are the four macromolecules?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

What is the function of enzymes?

To speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.

How do enzymes function?

Substrate binds to the active site, forming a product.

What is the function of ATP?

To provide energy for cellular processes.

How does ATP hold energy?

Energy is held in the bonds between phosphate groups; ATP releases energy when it is converted to ADP.

What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs?

Autotrophs make their own food, while heterotrophs obtain food from other sources.

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

What are the two reactions in photosynthesis?

Light-dependent and light-independent reactions.

What is the purpose of the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis?

To convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.

What is the purpose of the light-independent reaction of photosynthesis?

To use ATP and NADPH to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

What are the three steps in cellular respiration?

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain.

What is the purpose of glycolysis?

To break down glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.

What is the purpose of the Krebs cycle?

To oxidize pyruvate, producing ATP, NADH, and FADH2.

What is the purpose of the electron transport chain?

To use NADH and FADH2 to create a proton gradient, which drives the production of ATP.

What are the key differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotes do not.

What is the role of homeostasis?

Monitor internal conditions and trigger responses to maintain a stable internal environment.

What are the stages of a negative feedback loop?

Stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, and response.

Which two scientists are credited with the discovery of the structure of DNA?

James Watson and Francis Crick are known for determining the structure of DNA.

What is the role of DNA?

DNA contains the genetic instructions for the development and function of living organisms.

Where does DNA replication take place?

DNA replicates in the nucleus during the S phase of the cell cycle.

What is the overall goal of protein synthesis?

To synthesize proteins from mRNA sequences.

What is translation?

mRNA is decoded and used to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain; it occurs in the ribosome.

What are the three stages of translation?

Initiation, elongation and termination.

What is the difference between point and frameshift mutations?

Point mutations affect a single nucleotide, while frameshift mutations alter the reading frame of the genetic message.

What are the two types of reproductive strategies?

Asexual reproduction involves a single parent, while sexual reproduction involves two parents and the fusion of gametes.

What are three types of asexual reproduction?

Binary fission, budding, and fragmentation.

What is a gamete?

A haploid cell that fuses with another gamete during sexual reproduction.

What is meiosis?

A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.

What is the difference between sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes?

Sister chromatids are identical copies of a single chromosome, while homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes with the same genes but different alleles.

What are the types of chromosomal mutations?

Deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation.

Why is Gregor Mendel an important scientist?

Gregor Mendel is known for his work on inheritance and the discovery of the basic principles of genetics.

What were Mendel's three conclusions?

Theory of Particulate Inheritance, Principle of Dominance, and Principle of Independent Assortment.

What is a gene?

A unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and determines some characteristic of the offspring.

What is a genotype?

Genetic makeup.

What is a phenotype?

Physical characteristics.

What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous?

Homozygous means having two identical alleles for a trait, while heterozygous means having two different alleles.

What is the Fluid Mosaic Model?

Describes how the cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with various protein molecules floating around within it.

What is the function of the cell membrane?

To control the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

Describe diffusion and how it works

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Describe osmosis and how it works

Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration.

Describe tonicity

Hypertonic has higher solute concentration, hypotonic has lower solute concentration, and isotonic has the same solute concentration.

Describe molecular and bulk transport

Molecular transport uses proteins to move small molecules across the cell membrane; bulk transport moves large molecules or groups of molecules across the cell membrane.

Describe endocytosis and exocytosis

Endocytosis brings substances into the cell, while exocytosis releases substances out of the cell.