chemistry

chem final notes

Chemical Bonds

Can be classified into ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds, each affecting the properties of substances.

Valence Electrons

Electrons in the outermost shell; related to the group number of an element.

Electronegativity (EN)

A measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons.

Ionic Bonding

Occurs when there is a significant difference in electronegativity between two atoms, resulting in electron transfer.

Covalent Bonding

Formed when atoms share electrons; can be polar (unequal sharing) or non-polar (equal sharing).

Metallic Bonding

Occurs in metals; features low electronegativity and allows for free movement of valence electrons.

Molecular Polarity

Describes the distribution of electrical charge over atoms joined by a bond; can be polar or non-polar.

Intramolecular Forces

Forces that hold atoms together within a molecule, generally strong.

Intermolecular Forces

Forces that exist between molecules; generally weaker than intramolecular forces.

Hydrogen Bonding

Strong intermolecular forces occurring when hydrogen is bonded to electronegative atoms (like O, N, F).

Boyle's Law

States that at constant temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely related to its pressure.

Charles's Law

States that at constant pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature.

Avogadro's Theory

Assures that equal volumes of gas at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules.

Dissociation

The process by which ions separate when an ionic compound dissolves in water.

Ionization

The process in which a neutral molecule forms ions when dissolved in a solvent, usually referring to acids.

Empirical vs Theoretical

Empirical data is based on observation; theoretical data is based on interpretation and understanding of phenomena.

Net Ionic Equations

Chemical equations that show only the ions that participate in a reaction, excluding spectator ions.

Concentration

Refers to the amount of solute dissolved in a given volume of solvent.