Chapter 22 Lecture Notes Flashcards

Flashcards covering the key concepts and definitions from the Chapter 22 lecture notes on the male and female reproductive system.

Male and female reproductive systems

Connected sets of organs and glands that secrete hormones to regulate reproductive processes and produce and nurture sex cells.

Sperm

Male sex cells

Eggs or oocytes

Female sex cells

Meiosis

A type of cell division that produces sex cells.

Primary sex organs (gonads)

The two testes.

What the testes produce

Spermatozoa and male sex hormones.

Scrotum

Where the testes lie.

Seminiferous tubules

Lined with spermatogenic cells that give rise to sperm cells.

Interstitial cells (cells of Leydig)

Produce and secrete male sex hormones.

Sequence of sperm formation

Spermatogonia → primary spermatocytes → secondary spermatocytes → spermatids → spermatozoa

Acrosome

Contains enzymes that aid in penetrating layers around oocyte during fertilization.

The function of male internal accessory organs

They nurture and transport sperm cells.

The glands that contributes most of the volume of semen

Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands.

Seminal Vesicles

Contributes most of volume of semen.

Secretion of Prostate Gland

Enhances sperm motility.

Fluid secreted by Bulbourethral Glands

Lubricates end of penis.

Semen

Fluid the urethra conveys to the outside of the body during ejaculation.

Male Infertility

Inability of sperm cells to fertilize an oocyte.

Scrotum

Encases 2 testes.

Penis

Conveys urine and semen through urethra to outside of body.

Process of erection

Parasympathetic nerve impulses release nitric oxide, which dilates arteries of penis.

Emission

Movement of semen into the urethra.

Ejaculation

Movement of semen out of the urethra.

Function of seminiferous tubules

Produce sperm cells.

Function of interstitial cells

Produce and secrete male sex hormones

Function of Epididymis

Promotes sperm cell maturation; stores sperm cells; conveys sperm cells to ductus deferens.

Function of Ductus deferens

Conveys sperm cells to ejaculatory duct

Function of Seminal vesicle

Secretes an alkaline fluid containing nutrients and prostaglandins that helps regulate the pH of semen

Function of Prostate gland

Secretes a fluid that contains citrate, a nutrient for sperm

Function of Bulbourethral gland

Secretes fluid that lubricates end of the penis

Function of Scrotum

Encloses, protects, and regulates temperature of testes

Function of Penis

Conveys urine and semen to outside of body; inserted into the vagina during sexual intercourse, sensory for pleasure

Male reproductive functions are controlled by hormones secreted by

Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and the testes.

Interstitial cell stimulating hormone (luteinizing hormone, LH, ICSH)

Causes causes development of interstitial cells in testes; these cells secrete male sex hormones (testosterone).

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Stimulates sustentacular cells of testes to mature, proliferate, and respond to testosterone.

Actions of Testosterone prior to birth

Development of male reproductive organs and Descent of testes into scrotum.

Actions of Testosterone during puberty

Enlargement of testes and accessory organs of male reproductive system and development of secondary sex characteristics, which continue after puberty

Specialized functions of the female reproductive organs

Produce female sex cells (egg cells, or oocytes), transport oocytes to site of fertilization, provide favorable environment for developing offspring, transport offspring to outside the body, produce female sex hormones

Primary female sex organs (gonads)

Ovaries.

Accessory female sex organs

Uterine tubes, uterus and vagina.

Ligaments that hold each ovary in position

Broad ligament, suspensory ligament, and ovarian ligament

The tissues of an ovary can be divided into

Ovarian medulla and an outer cortex.

Which part of the ovary that consists of more compact tissue and has a granular appearance, due to tiny masses of cells called ovarian follicles

The ovarian cortex

Primordial Follicles

Oogonia develop into primary oocytes. Each primary oocyte is closely surrounded by a layer of flattened epithelial cells called follicular cells, forming a primordial follicle.

Oogenesis

Process of egg cell formation.

When primary oocytes divide in oogenesis, cytoplasm is distributed unequally, forming a

Large secondary oocyte and a small first polar body

Secondary oocyte

Future ovum (egg cell), which may be fertilized by a sperm in the future.

Secondary oocyte undergoes Meiosis II if it is fertilized, resulting in a

Tiny second polar body and a zygote (fertilized egg).

Zona pellucida

A glycoprotein layer, forms between oocyte and granulosa cells.

Follicular cells proliferate into

6 – 12 layers.

While a follicle is developing, ovarian cells outside follicle organize into layers

Theca interna produces steroids and Outer vascular layer (theca externa) consists of connective tissue.

15 more days of development convert an antral follicle into a

Mature antral (preovulatory, or Graafian) follicle.

The process of ovulation

Releases the secondary oocyte and first polar body from the mature antral follicle.

Internal accessory reproductive organs of the female

Uterine tubes, uterus and vagina

Function of Uterine tubes

Transport ovulated egg cell from ovary to uterus.

Uterus

Receives the embryo and sustains its development; attached to pelvic walls by broad ligament and round ligament.

Function of the vagina

Conveys uterine secretions, receives the penis during intercourse, and provides a passageway for offspring during birth.

The female external reproductive organs: vulva

Labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and vestibular glands.

Function of the labia majora

Enclose and protect the other external reproductive organs.

During orgasm

Muscles of perineum, uterus, and uterine tubes contract rhythmically, which helps transport sperm toward uterine tubes.

Estrogens and Progesterone

Secreted by ovaries, adrenal cortices, and the placenta during pregnancy.

Menstrual cycle

Regular, recurring changes in the endometrium of the uterus, which culminates in menstrual bleeding (menses).

Function of Ovary

Produces oocytes and female sex hormones

Function of Uterine tube

Conveys secondary oocyte toward uterus; site of fertilization; conveys developing embryo to uterus

Function of Uterus

Protects and sustains embryo during pregnancy

Function of Vagina

Conveys uterine secretions to outside of body; receives erect penis during sexual intercourse; provides a passageway for offspring during birth process

Function of Labium majus

Encloses and protects other external reproductive organs

Function of Labium minus

Forms margin of vestibule; protects openings of vagina and urethra

Function of Clitoris

Produces feelings of pleasure during sexual stimulation due to abundant sensory nerve endings in glans

Function of Vestibular gland

Secretes fluid that moistens and lubricates the vestibule

Function of Vestibule

Space between labia minora that contains vaginal and urethral openings

Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary gland, and the ovaries control the following reproductive processes:

Development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics which are special features associated with the adult female body, maturation of female sex cells, and changes during the menstrual cycle.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), FSH and LH, and Estrogens and Progesterone:

Female Sex Hormones

Anovulation cause of female infertility

Secretion of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary, and resulting lack of ovulation.

Endometriosis cause of female infertility

Endometrial tissue grows in abdominal cavity; fibrosis occurs, which may encase ovary or obstruct uterine tubes

Menopause (female climacteric)

The stopping of the menstrual cycles.

Function of Mammary glands

Are specialized to secrete milk following pregnancy, to nourish baby.

Warning signs of breast cancer

Area of thickened tissue, a dimple, change in contour, nipple that flattens or points in an abnormal direction, nipple discharge.

Birth control

The voluntary regulation of the number of offspring produced and the time they are conceived.

Contraception

A method which can avoid fertilization following sexual intercourse or prevent implantation.

Coitus interruptus

The practice of withdrawing the penis from the vagina before ejaculation, preventing entry of sperm cells into the female reproductive tract.

Deliver estrogen and progesterone to prevent pregnancy preventing follicle maturation and ovulation thickening cervical mucus to prevent sperm passage

Combined Hormone Contraceptives

Vasectomy

Vas deferens is cut and tied.

Tubal ligation

Uterine tube is cut and tied.

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

Termed STIs instead of STDs because a person can be infected and contagious, without developing symptoms of the disease.

Pelvic inflammatory disease

Complication associated with gonorrhea or chlamydia; bacteria enter vagina and spread to reproductive organs; can scar uterine tubes, resulting in infertility.