FE: Urinary and Reproductive Tract Diseases

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering pathogens, symptoms, and diagnostic markers for various urinary and reproductive tract infections based on lecture notes.

Cystitis

An inflammation of the bladder typically caused by the upward migration of Escherichia coli and characterized by dysuria, pyuria, and hematuria.

Leptospirosis

A zoonotic disease caused by the Gram-negative spirochete Leptospira interrogans, primarily contracted through contact with water or soil contaminated with the urine of infected animals.

Weil's disease

A severe form of Leptospirosis characterized by jaundice, kidney failure, liver failure, and pulmonary hemorrhage.

Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU)

Urethral inflammation caused by pathogens other than Neisseria gonorrhoeae, most commonly Chlamydia trachomatis, and presenting with a mucoid or mucopurulent drip.

Pyelonephritis

A serious kidney infection, often caused by Escherichia coli in approximately $80\%$ of cases, characterized by high fever, shaking chills, and severe flank pain.

White blood cell casts

A specific finding in a urinalysis that points to kidney involvement, particularly diagnostic for Pyelonephritis.

Glomerulonephritis

An autoimmune-mediated inflammation of the kidney filters that occurs weeks after a primary Streptococcus pyogenes infection.

Antistreptolysin O (ASO) titers

A blood test used to confirm a recent Streptococcus pyogenes infection in patients suspected of having Glomerulonephritis.

Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)

A condition caused by the overgrowth of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobes when protective Lactobacillus species decrease, resulting in a characteristic fishy odor.

Clue Cells

Vaginal epithelial cells covered in bacteria observed on a wet mount, giving them a fuzzy appearance; a key diagnostic sign for Bacterial Vaginosis.

Chancroid

A highly contagious STI caused by Haemophilus ducreyi, characterized by extremely painful genital ulcers and painful, swollen inguinal lymph nodes.

Buboes

Painful, swollen inguinal lymph nodes associated with Chancroid that can rupture and drain pus.

Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing (NAAT)

The gold standard diagnostic test for detecting Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, and Gonorrhea due to its high sensitivity.

Gonorrhea

An STI caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, presenting with a profuse, thick, purulent (pus-like) discharge that is typically yellowish-green or white.

Ophthalmia neonatorum

A severe neonatal conjunctivitis acquired during childbirth from mothers infected with Gonorrhea or Chlamydia, which can lead to blindness if untreated.

Chancre

A localized, painless, hard-bordered circular ulcer that characterizes the primary stage of a Syphilis infection.

Condyloma lata

Smooth, moist warts in skin folds associated with the secondary stage of Syphilis.

Gummas

Rubbery, destructive tissue masses that develop during the tertiary stage of Syphilis.

Genital Herpes

An infection caused by Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 (HSV-2) characterized by clusters of small, painful, fluid-filled vesicles on a red base.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

A non-enveloped dsDNA virus where types $6$ and $11$ cause genital warts, and types $16$ and $18$ are high-risk strains linked to cancers.

Condylomata acuminata

Painless, flesh-colored, soft, bumpy growths (genital warts) caused by HPV that may have a cauliflower-like appearance.

Candidiasis

A fungal infection caused by Candida albicans, presenting with intense itching and a thick, white, 'cottage cheese-like' vaginal discharge.

Pseudohyphae

Elongated structures formed by budding yeast cells (Candida) during active tissue invasion.

Trichomoniasis

An infection caused by a motile, flagellated protozoan, presenting with a profuse, foul-smelling, frothy (bubbly), greenish-yellow discharge.

Strawberry cervix

A clinical sign of Trichomoniasis (colpitis macularis) involving tiny punctate hemorrhages on the cervix visible during a pelvic exam.