Topic 2.2-2.3: Protestant Reformation

Heresies

sects considered a threat to Catholic doctrine

Eastern Orthodoxy

branch of Christianity splits from Roman Catholicism

Roman Catholicism

major Christian denomination led by the Pope

John Wycliffe

challenges Catholic doctrines; translated the Bible into English

Jan Hus

reformer executed for opposing Catholic beleifs

Protestant Reformation

movement questioning Catholic practices, leading to religious divisions

Religious Pluralism

emergence of competing Christian sects in Europe

Catholic Reformation

reviatilization of Catholicism; no reconciliation with Protestants

Sovereignty

authourity of a state to govern itself

Indulgences

payments for forgiveness of sins, enriching the church

Commercial Captitalism

economic system replacing medieval institutions in Europe

Agriculture Capitalism

economic focus on farming and trade during the Reformations

Nuclear Family

primary social unit during the Renaissance and Reformation

Secular Institutions

non-religious organizations influencing governance and society

Political Conflicts

struggles between nobility and monarchy heightened by religion

Cultural Change

shift in societal norms influenced by Reformation ideas

Wealth and Religion

belief that God rewards favored people with affluence

Religious Tension

strain between differing Christian beliefs and practices

Economic Migration

population movement driven by expanding commerce

Traditional Folk Ideas

community standards rooted in historical customs and beliefs

Local Governments

new power structures replacing religious authorities in Europe

Religious Wars

conflicts fought over the right to worship freely

Papal Infallibility

16th century religious movement challenging Catholic practices

Martin Luthor

key figure advocating for church reform; wrote the 95 Theses; played a big part in starting the Reformation

Christian Humanism

movement emphasizing education and returning to biblical sources

95 Theses

document criticizing church practices, especially indulgences

Indulgences

payments for forgiveness of sins in Catholicism

Jubilee Indulgences

indulgence proclaimes by Pope Leo X for fundraising

Johann Tetzel

famous preacher selling indulgences in Germany

Simony

buying and selling church appointments and offices

Pluralism

holding multiple church positions simultaniously

Nepotism

favoring family and friends for church roles

Immorality

decline in moral standards among clergy

Diet of Augsburg

1518 assembly where Luthor defended his views

Diet of Worms

1521 assembly where Luthor refused to recant

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor presiding over Diet of Worms

Excommunication

official expulsion from the Catholic church

Outlaw of the Empire

Luthor declared outside protection of the law

Wittenburg Church

location where Luthor alledgedy nailed his theses

Brethren of the Common Life

group influencing Luthor’s Christian humanism

Grace

God’s unearned favor emphasized by Luthor

Religious Dissent

opposition to established religious beliefs or practices

Printing Press

technology that made spreading information faster; spread Luthor’s Theses rapidly

Religious Controversy

debate over theological issues affecting political power

Fredrick III

protected Luthor at Wartburg Castle during exile

Sola Scriptura

Bible as the sole authority over church traditions

Sola Fide

salvation through faith alone, not alone

Preisthood of All Believers

all Christians have direct access to God

Consubatantiation

bread and wine coexist with Christ’s blood and bosy

Transubstantiation

bread and wine become Christ’s body and blood

Peasants’ War

1524-25 revolt against harsh treatment by authorities

Huldrych Zwingli

Swiss pastor who criticized the Catholic church

Marburg Colloquy

meeting between Luthor and Zwingli on Eurcharist

John Calvin

French theologian who advanced Reformation ideas post-Zwingli

Instituets of the Christian Religion

Calvin’s 1536 book on religious and political reform

Predestination

God knows who will be saved from birth; Calvinist belief

The Elect

those chosen by God for salvation

Pious Behavior

outward sign of being part of the elect

Calvinism

Protestant theology emphasizing predestination and God’s sovereignty; church srare interdependance

Economic Transformation

shift of power to Atlantic states during the Age of Discovery

Middle Class Opportunities

new economic prospects for the middle class emerged

Ethical Banking Practices

Calvin encouraged banks to operate ethically

God’s Favor

accumulating wealth seen as a sign of divine approval

Community Service

hardwork serves both community and God

Luther’s Anti-Seminism

Luther expresses strong anti-semetic views later in life

Luther’s Translation

Luther translated the New Testament into common German

Radical Ideas

Luther’s ideas were considered radical for his time

Amsterdam

another banking center where Calvinism thrived

Puritans

English Calvinists seeking to purify Anglicanism; promoted wealth as God’s favor

Calvinist Churches

plain architecture to focus on worship

Roman Catholic Churches

ornate design to inspire worship

Anabaptists

radical group demanding further religious reforms

German Peasants’ War

peasant uprising inspired by Luther’s teachings

The Twelve Articles

pesants’ demand for church control and reduced taxes

Luther’s Teachings

basis for social change among German peasants

Jakob Hutter

Anabaptist leader advocating radical religious changes

Menno Simons

Anabaptist leader emphasizing New Testament authority

Infant Baptism Rejection

Anabaptists believed only adults should be baptized

Secluded Lifestyle

Anabaptists aimed to avoid sin through simplicity

Non-involement in Government

Anabaptistts avoided political affairs entirely

Scripture over Secular Authority

Ananbaptists prioritized biblical teachings above all

Persecution of Anabaptists

widespread violence against Anabaptists for their beliefs; targeted by Catholics and Protestants

Migration to North America

Anabaptists fled Europe due to persecution

Puritains’ objections

criticized monarchy’s role in religious practices

Hugenots

French Protestants opposing state religious control

Seclusion from Secular World

some groups sought isolation from society

Act of Supremacy

1534 law establishing the English monarch as church head

Church of England

Anglican faith established by Henry VIII

Edward VI

Henry VIII son, promoted Protestant doctrine

Mary Tudor

attempted to restore Catholicism

Elizabeth I

queen who embraced Protestant beleifs and practices

Elizabethan Settlement

1559 attempt to reconcile Catholics and Puritains

Thrity-Nine Articles

1571 document defining the Church of England’s practices

Stuart Monarchy

Dynasty facing tensions with Puritains and Catholics

James I

Stuart king feared by Puritans for Catholic leanings

Charles I

executed after Puritan support in English Civil War

English Civil War

conflicts between Parlimentarians and Royalists

Political Authority

religious challenges led to pilictical authority questioning

Humanist Reformers

desired changes in Catholic church practices

Warsaw Confederation Act

established religious toleration in Poland, 1573