Psych Chap 6 brooooooooooooo i want to sleep so bad

Learning

A relatively permanent change in behavior that is brought about by experience

Pavlov

A Russian physiologist who the study of classical conditioning was attributed to. (Pavlov's Dog Experiment)

Classical conditioning

A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response

Neutral stimulus

A stimulus that before conditioning does not naturally bring about a response in which we are interested in. (The bell)

Unconditioned stimulus

A stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned. Stimuli that lead to an automatic response. (The food)

Unconditioned Response

The natural innate response to the UCR that occurs automatically and needs no training. Instinctual response. (Dogs salivating to food)

Conditioned Response

A response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus (Salivation at the ringing of a bell)

Conditioned stimulus

A response, that after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus. Classical conditioning transforms the neutral stimulus into this.

Extinction

When a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears

Stimulus Generalization

If it's close enough to the oriignal stimulus, it'll set off a response.

Stimulus Discrimination

If the stimulus is different enough from the original stimulus it won't cause a response.

Spontaneous recovery

The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of time and with no further conditioning.

Operant conditioning

Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on the response's favorable or unfavorable consequences.

Negative reinforcement

The more I do something, the more something I don't care for goes away.

Positive punishment

Adding something to suppress behavior (Yelling at someone for hitting you)

Negative punishment

Taking something you like away to suppress a behavior. (Silent treatment in a relationship.

Positive reinforcement

Giving you something you like to reinforce a behavior.

B.F Skinner & Thorndike's Law of Effect

Responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated

Reinforcers

Any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again.

Experience near

Immediate reward

Experience far

Reward later in the future

Primary reinforcer

Satisfies some biological need and works naturally, regardless of a person's previous experience. (ex: food for a hungry person)

Secondary reinforcer

A stimulus that becomes reinforcing because of its association with a primary reinforcer (ex: money bc it allows you to buy food and shelter)

All reinforcement _______ behavior

increases it

Whatever we do, we believe that

we will feel better in the doing of it

Operant conditioning

Schedule of reinforcement

The pattern of the frequency and timing of reinforcement that follow desired behavior

Continuous reinforcement schedule

Behavior is reinforced every time it occurs

Fixed-ratio schedule

Reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses. (ex: rats are given a food pellet every 10th time a lever is pressed.)

Variable-ratio schedule

The time reinforcement occurs is unpredictable and behaviors are reinforced after an average number of responses. (ex: Genshin players pulling on banners in the hopes that one of the draws will be the character they want)

Fixed-interval schedule

Provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed. There are typically long pauses in responding after reinforcement is provided.

Variable-interval schedule

The time between reinforcement varies around some average rather than being fixed. Responding occurs at a steady rate.

Shaping

The process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

Latent learning

Unconscious learning. New behavior is learned but not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it.

Cognitive learning theory

Focuses on how people think

Observational learning

Learning by watching the behavior of another person, or model.

Albert Bandura

Theorized that observation and modeling play a crucial role in how we learn.