Untitled

The mitochondria?

a place for cellular respiration

What is the nucleus?

a place for genetic information and stores DNA

What are the centrosomes?

they separate all DNA during cell division

What are lysosomes?

they digest old cell parts

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

it is for protein and lipid synthesis

What is the golgi apparatus?

it packages proteins for transport

What is the vacuole for?

storage

What is cell theory?

it is that all living things are made out of cells ; cells are the basic unit of life ;cells arise from preexisting cells

Where to cells come from ?

they need to divide in order to multiply this is called cell division

Asexual cell divison?

comes from somatic cells this occurs in the cells in the body "without help" this happens in all our body cells

Sexual cell division?

comes from reproductive gametes "like ovaries and testicles"

What are the pros of Asexual cell division?

It is fast off-spring;a lot of offspring;there's no waste of energy finding suitable mates

What are the cons of ASEXUAL cell division?

there's no genetic variation ; susceptible to the same diseases and similar environmental changes

What does sexual cell division create ?

It creates more genetic change

What is meiosis ?

SEXUAL CELL DIVISION

What is mitosis?

ASEXUAL CELL DIVISION

What is the cell cycle?

the events leading to the cell division in a mitotic asexually reproducing cell 'producing 2 daughter cells'

What is the point of the cell cycle ?

it is usually for the purpose of growth "from a zygote to a mature organism" for maintenance " to replace old cells for new ones" for repairing damaged systems "

What is the purpose of DNA?

IN ORDER FOR CELLS TO PRODUCE ANOTHER CELL THEY MUST PASS ON EXACT COPIES OF THEIR OWN GENETIC INFORMATION.

Where is DNA FOUND?

DNA is found in cells through long strands in the chromosomes.

When do chromosomes become visible?

Only during MITOSIS

WHAT IS MITOSIS ?

mitosis is generally the division of a parent cell into two daughter cells who have identical genetic information this happens by equal distribution .

What is diffuse chromatin ?

Diffuse chromatin is usually how DNA is strung together very tightly.

What is the structure of a chromosome ?

the sister chromatids which is two sets are joined at the centromere they are and always will be called a whole chromosome until separated.

What is a haploid organism?

"n" organism only have one copy of each chromosome.

What is a diploid organism?' "2n" organism have 2 copies of their chromosomes

What is a triploid.tetraploid.or pentaploid?

3n 4n or 5n having more than 2 copies of their chromosomes.

What are homologous chromosomes?

These are similar in size

What are non-homologous chromosomes?

These are not similar in any size or shape and have completely different genetic material.

What are the cell cycle stages?

interphase(90% of the time) and division (10% of the time)

What happens during interphase?

Gap 1 (cells grow increasing in size and mass) S1 or synthesis phase (chromosomes duplicate) Gap 2 (cell completes all preparations for division)

What happens during the last 10% of cell division?

MITOSIS( division of the nucleous ) AND CYTOKINESIS(division of the cytoplasm)

In which 4 stages does mitosis occur hint pmat?

prophase.metaphase.anaphase.telephase.

What is prophase?

Chromatin becomes visible .the nuclear membrane dissolves .centrosomes move to different directions to make spindle fibers to pull apart the chromosomes.

What is metaphase?

spindle fibers pull chromosomes to the middle.

What is anaphase?

all the chromatids half a chromosome divide by the centromere spindle fibers pull the chromatids opposite directions to each of the poles

What is telophase?

chromosomes reach both poles and unwind creating diffuse chromatin and spindle fibers dissolve then creating both daughter cells and creating a new nuclear membrane.

What is cytokinesis?

is the division of the cytoplasm equally to both daughter cells.

What are the kids of asexual reproduction?

budding.vegtative reproduction.fragmentation.parthenogenesis.spores.binary vision.

What is budding?

a small fragment of the new fragment forms on the parents then separates.

What is vegetative reproduction?

a new plants develops at the end of the stem like a runner in strawberry trees

What is fragmentation?

a new plant forms from a fragment of a nother parent like a potato

What is parthenogenesis?

when unfertilized eggs develop into adults.

What is spores?

when a organism contains genetic material and cytoplasm traveling long sitances to be able to germinate.

What is binary vision?

occurs in prokaryotes and is very effective

What is cloning?

forming identical copies of the parent from their cell.

What are stem cells?

stem cells are a type of cell that can form into any other type of cell in the body.

What are identical twins?

is a single fertilized egg that end up splitting into two.

What are fraternal twins?

they form from two single fertilized eggs at the same time.

What is conjugation?

is the genetic transfer between two cells and spreads antibiotic resistance.

What is cancer?

cancer is abnormal cell division usually is really hard to treat since these cells that keep multiplying are our own and we try to fight cancer by killing as many cells we can before we kill the actual person being treated.

What causes cancer?

carcinogens such as uv light .x rays and even chemicals viruses all cause mutation in the DNA if the DNA is not reenragged correctly this may cause an abnormal amount of growth in any body cell creating a tumor.

What leads to apoptosis(programmed cell death)?

cancerous growth when cells dont have checkpoints to stop each section of the growth cycle or cell cycle.

How to we treat cancer?

radiation -used to halt the growth and or damage the genetic material in a cell and chemotherapy -intereferest with the proces of cell division but can also kill our own body cells.

Why do we age?

as telomeres become shorter cell dvision stops this leads to the aging and non replacement of cells.