RXRS Final

Hallucination

sensory experiences that are unreal but understood to be real

auditory hallucination/paracusia

hallucinations involving the sense of hearing

somatic hallucination

a type of hallucination involving the perception of a physical sensation in the body that is not actually happening.

tactile hallucination

hallucinations involving the sense of touch

kinesthetic hallucination

hallucinations involving the sense of bodily movement

visual hallucinations

hallucinations involving the sense of sight

lilliputian hallucination

hallucinations in which things, people, or animals seem smaller than they would be in reality

pseudohallucination

sensory experiences that are unreal but are understood to be unreal

illusions

sensory distortions of normal reality where the sensation is present but is incorrectly perceived and misinterpreted.

diff types: optical, auditory, tactile or temporal

sensory experiences

visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, and tactile sensations

sensory distortions

changes in the intensity, quality, or spatial form of normal sense perceptions

drug trafficking

a global illicit trade involving the cultivation, manufacture, distribution, and sale of substances which are subject to drug prohibition laws

drug cartels

any criminal organization with the intention of supplying drug trafficking operations

drug mules

someone who transports illegal drugs across a border (as opposed to sending by mail, etc) for a drug cartel

common reasons gay male drug consumption remains high

repressed feelings & distress, their environment, sexual expectations, and depression

repressed feelings and distress

society has only recently become accepting/ understanding of gay lifestyles, relationships, and choices.

lgbtq ppl encounter repression daily & must continuously "come out"

environmental reasons that gay men drug consumption remains high

the only places that LGBTQ indvs can interact freely with other gay indvs has historically been as gay bars, pubs, or a private establishment, and many of these facilities fuel drug and alcohol use.

sexual orientation (why gay male drug consumption remains high)

there is a tendency for gay culture to glamorize sex an sexual prowess. often achieved thru use of ecstacy and viagra

depression (why gay male drugs consumption remains high)

feelings of low self-esteem, anxiety and guilt can surround those who have confusion around their sexual identity, which is then often masked by drug use.

non psychoactive cannabinoids

CBD (cannabidoil), CBG (cannabigerol), CBC (cannabichromene)

psychoactive cannabinoids

CBN, THCV (cannabavarin), THC (delta-8), THC (delta-9)

CBD (cannabidoil)

a phytocannabinoid; second most prevalent of the active components of marijuana; CBD by itself doesnt cause a high

CBG (cannabigerol)

the non-acidic form of cannabigerolic acid, the parent molecule from which other cannabinoids are synthesized; a minor constituent of cannabis

CBC (cannabichromene)

often referred to as the "stem cell" of cannabinoids; CBC is believed to have anti-proliferative effects, meaning it inhibits the growth of cancerous tumors

CBN (cannabinol)

found only in trace amounts in cannabis; the product of oxidation of THC; mildly psychoactive; offers a variety of therapeutic benefits, including promoting sleep, stimulating apetite, bone growth, preventing glaucoma, and providing antibacterial, anti- inflammatory and analgesic effects

THCV (cannabavarin)

psychoactive cannabinoid; has a demonstrated neurochemical pathway for previously-observed anti-epileptic and anti-convulsive action

THC (delta-8 tetrahydrocannabinol)

less potent psychoactive component of cannabis; stimulates cells in the brain to release dopamine, creating euphoria

THC (delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol)

the key psychoactive component of cannabis; THC stimulates cells in the brain to release dopamine, creating euphoria

zoonotic diseases

infections that can be naturally transmitted between animals and humans. ex: ebola, HIV, and most strains of influenza.

80% of bioterrorism agents are zoonotic and can be used as biological weapons

4 classifications of zoonotic agents

infectivity, pathogenicity, transmissibility, ability to neutralize

infectivity

the aptitude of an agent to penetrate and multiply in the host

pathenogenicity

the ability of the agent to cause a disease after penetrating the body

transmissibility

the ability of the agent to be transmitted from an infected individual to a healthy one

ability to neutralize

the means to have preventive tools and or therapeutic purposes

3 routes of exposure of biological agents

parenteral, contact, oral-fecal routes

parenteral

agents that are transmitted through body fluids or blood, airway (by droplets); are emitted by infected indvs, which can then be inhaled by surrounding people

contact

agents present on the surface of the infected organism can infect other organisms

oral-fecal routes

through objects, foods, or other items contaminated with the feces of infected patients, or through sexual contact

lethal chemical agent types

blood agent, blister agent, nerve agent, nettle agent, pulmonary agent, vomiting agent

blood agent

is a toxic chemical agent that affects the body by being absorbed into the blood; these are fast-acting, potentially lethal toxins; either cyanide- or arsenic-based

blister agent

is a chemical compound that causes severe skin, eye, and mucosal pain and irritation; causes severe chemical burns, -> water blisters on the body; mustard gas is a classic example

nerve agent

organic chemicals that disrupt the mechanisms by which nerves transfer messages to organs; leads to constriction of pupils, profuse salivation, convulsions, and involuntary urination / defecation; death by asphyxiation or cardiac arrest occurs in minutes after exposure; Sarin is best known

nettle agent

variety of chemical warfare that produce corrosive skin and tissue injury upon contact, resulting in erythema, urticaria, intense itching, and a hive-like rash

choking agent

impede a victim's ability to breathe; causes a build-up of fluids in the lungs, -> to suffocation; inhalation of these agents cause burning of the throat, coughing, vomiting, headache, pain in chest, and respiratory & circulatory failure; chlorine gas is perhaps the most common

vomiting agent

chemicals that cause vomiting; prolonged exposure can be lethal

chemical agent forms

can be poisonous vapors, aerosols, liquids, or solids that have toxic effects on people.

can be natural substances from the environment or synthetically produced in a lab

chemical releases can be unintentional or intentional

chemical warefare

involves using the toxic properties of chemical substances as weapons

• biological warfare (living organisms)

• chemical warfare as nonliving toxic products produced by living organisms

biological warfare

offensive use of living organisms

chemical warfare

the use of nonliving toxic products produced by living organisms (ex: botulinum, ricin, saxitoxin)

2 types of chemical weapons

lethal agents & incapacitating agents

lethal agents

agents capable of causing death

incapacitating agents

agents that produce temporary physiological or mental effects, or both, which render indvs incapable of concerted effort in the performance of normal activities.

club drugs

drugs synonymous with raves, meant to enhance sensory experience. MDMA, GHB (gamma-hydroxbutyrate), ketamine

Jazz

the sound of swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrhythms, and improvisation.

originated in speakeasies in chicago, NY, New orleans

excessive drinking, heroin and cocaine use, smoking tobacco

music in substances

1960s: psychedelics (lsd, mushrooms, cannabis)

1970s: stimulants & hyper-stimulants (cocaine, methamphetamine, speed)

1980s: stimulants to euphoria (crack cocaine, cannabism ecstasy)

1990s: depressants (heroin & sedatives) & psychoactives (ecstasy)

Bootlegging/rum-running

illegal business of smuggling alc when the transportation of it is illegal

rum-running= smuggling over water

bootlegging= smuggling over land

speakeasies

an illicit establishment that sells alcohol

mdma/ ecstacy

stimulates CNS by increasing levels of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, which are related to mood, heart rate, blood pressure and sexual arousal. produces a very euphoric high

GHB

(gamma-hydroxybutric acid) CNS depressant, produces euphoria and reduces anxiety. its a powerfully sedating drug, known as a date-rape drug

pos effects: euphoria, increased sex drive, tranquility

neg effects: sweating, loss of consciousness, nausea, amnesia

ketamine

induces a trance-like state while relieving pain and providing sedation and memory loss

clinical use: starting and maintaining anesthesia

recreational use: produces a dissociative state characterized by depersonalization and derealization

subanesthetic (ket)

under-dosage from a pharmacologic pov

depersonalization (ket)

sense of detachment from ones physical body

derealization (ket)

sense of detachment from the external world

1980s drug panic

a widespread panic surrounding the crack cocaine epidemic due to the increase of physical, psychological, and societal harm related to drug use.

EDM

"electronic dance music" represents a broad range of percussive electronic and sampled music made largely for nightclubs, raves, and festivals. generally produced by a DJ & and performed live

rave

organized dance party at a nightclub, outdoor festival, warehouse, or other property typically featuring performances from several djs. *performance, light & sound, venue, duration

PLUR

peace, love, unity, respect. Mantra central to rave and EDM culture, promotes an inclusive and pos. environment

street capitalism

the economic pattern where indvs bet their lives on the rewards of selling "rock" cocaine, the people who give themselves over to the crack pipe, and the often-merciless authorities who incarcerated those caught in the crack cocaine underworld

addiction throughout time

"addiction" is derived from latin verb addicere, refers to the process of binding to things. World Health Org.= a state of periodic/chronic intoxication detrimental to the indv and society, which is characterized by an overwhelming desire to continue taking the drug and to obtain it by any means. NIDA: a chromic, relapsing brain disease characterized by complusive drug-seeking and use, despite harmful consequences. considered a brain disease bc drugs change the brain. Addiction was originally considered a moral failing to now classified as a complex disease

legalization of cannabis

1937: marijuana tax act criminalizes the drug

1941: it can no longer be used medically legally

1986: war on drugs by reagan

1997: CA re-legalizes marijuana

non-psychactive cannabinoids

CBD, CBG, CBC

chemical weapons convention

under this international convention, any toxic chemical, regardless of its origin, is considered a chemical weapon unless its used for purposes that are not prohibited. the chemicals are divided into three groups

chemical weapons convention schedule 1

these chemicals have few legitimate uses, these may only be produced or used for research, medical, pharmaceutical, or protective purposes ex: nerve agents

chemical weapons convention schedule 2

these chemicals have no large-scale industrial uses, but may have legitimate small-scale uses ex: dimethyl methlylphosphonate

chemical weapons convention schedule 3

these chemicals have a legitimate large-scale industrial use ex: phosgene (manufacturing plastics) & chloropicrin (a fumigant).

Bioterrorism category A

agents that can be easily disseminated or transmitted from person to person. results in high mortality rates, have potential for major public health impact

bioterrorism category b

agents that are moderately easy to disseminate. result in moderate rates and low mortality, require disease surveillance

bioterrorism category c

emerging agents that could be engineered for mass dissemination in the future bc of their availability. easy to produce and spread, potentially linked to high morbidity and mortality rates and major health impact

terrorism

unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a gov, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives

hallucinogens

psychoactive substances that affect and alter an individuals perception, mood, consciousness, and cause hallucinations. common hallucinogens include LSD, ketamine, and THC

Entertainment

the act of entertaining; agreeable occupation for the mind; diversion; amusement; in particular (with LSD) something affording pleasure, diversion, or amusement, especially a performance of some kind

Instead of spiritual awakening or self-discovery, LSD is seen to heighten consumer-based experiences related to music, dance, and performance venues

The culture that forms is bound together by shared a musical experience

Parenteral Exposure

agents that are transmitted through body fluids or blood, airway (by droplets); agents that are emitted by infected individuals, which can then be inhaled by surrounding people

Contact Exposure

agents present on the surface of the infected organism can infect other organisms

Oral-Fecal Routes Exposure

through objects, foods or other items contaminated with the feces of infected patients, or through sexual contact

Domestic Terrorism

defined by the FBI and Department ofHomeland Security as activities:

Involving an act that:
• Is dangerous to human life or potentially destructive of critical infrastructure or key resources; and
• Is dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of anyState;

Appearing to be intended to:
• Intimidate a civilian population;• Influence the policy of government by intimidation or coercion; or
• Affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping; and

Occurring primarily within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States

Club Drug + examples

Use of drugs associated with raves and club culture that enhance sensory perception and the experience of dancing to loud, bass-heavy music and flashing neon lights. Common examples include MDMA, GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyrate), and ketamine.