HUMAN DEVELOPMENT MEANING CONCEPTS AND APPROACHES

a pattern of movement or change the begins of conception and continues to lifespan

human development

includes growth and decline, can be positive and negative

human development

human development diagram

pattern of change

begins at conception

lifelong process

includes growth and decline

positive changes

negative changes

learning, maturity, skills, health

positive changes

delays, losses, poor experiences

negative changes

two approaches to human development

traditional approach

life-span approach

believes that individuals will show extreme change from birth to adolescence, little or no change in adulthood, and decline in late old age

traditional approach

believes that even in adulthood development change takes place as it does during childhood

lifespan approach

an expert of lifespan development

paul baltes (santrock, 2002)

it does not end lifelong

development is lifelong

plasticity refers to the potential for change. developmental is possible throughout the lifespan. no one is too old to learn

development is plastic

developmental consists of biological cognitive and socio-emotional dimensions (development as a process of is complex)

development is multidimensional

development is relatively orderly

proximodistal

cephalo -caudal

the mascular control of the trunk and the arms comes earlier as compared to the hands to the hands and fingers

proximodistal

during infancy, the greatest growth always occurs at the top gradually working its way down from top to bottom (head down to tail)

cephalo-caudal

development takes place gradually

cognitive processes

emotional processes

involves changes in the individual's thought, intelligence and language

cognitive processes

include changes in individual’s relationships with other people, changes in emotions and changes in personality

emotional processes

growth proceeds from the center or midline of the body

proximodistal

during the prenatal period, the limb buds develop before the rudimentary fingers to toes, during infancy, the large musclesof arms and legs are subject to voluntary control earlier than are the fine muscle of the hands and feet

proximodistal

the spinal cord develops before outer parts of the body

proximodistal

trend of growth from that applies to the development of thefetus also applies in first month after birth. infants learn use their upper limbs before their lower limbs

cephalo -caudal

the same pattern occurs in the head area because the top parts of the head-the eys and the brain, grown faster than the lower parts such as the jaw

cephalo-caudal

individuals are changing beings in a changing world. individuals respond to and act on context . this contexts include the biological make up, physical environment, cognitive processes, historical, social and cultural context

development is contextual

growth, maintenance and regulation are three goals of human development

developmental involves growth, maintenance and regulation

the stages of development

pre-natal stage

infancy stage

early childhood stage

middle and late childhood stage

adolescence stage

early or young adult stage

middle adulthood stage

late adulthood stage

the process of growth and development within the womb, in which a single cell zygote (the cell formed by the combination of a sperm and an egg) becomes an embryo, a fetus, and then a baby

pre-natal stage

conception of birth

pre-natal stage

this stage lasts from birth until approximately the stage of 2. a great of deal initial learning occurs. this learning is provided through environmental cues, such as parent behavior

infancy stage

an important influence in the child's life at this stage is the parents. it is very common to see a child at the ages of 7-9 months old become upset when they are separated to their primary caregiver

infancy stage

birth to 2 years

infancy stage

it is a period of rapid physical mental, emotional social and language development of a child.

early childhood stage

apart from these major developmental aspects such as developmental of understanding, moral values, some common interests those are some common characteristics. it is a period of slow growth and rapid development

early childhood stage

3 to 5 years

early childhood stage

climbs stairs with alternating feet

sentences are more complex speak well enough for strangers to understand

vocabulary and pronunciation continue to expand

develops fears (common fears, fear of dark, fear of animals and fear of death)

early childhood stage

this stage is a critical developmental stage characterized by slow, steady physical growth and massive cognitive, emotional and social advancement

middle and late childhood stage

children shift from family centric lives into school and peer oriented environments, mastering logical reasoning, self esteem building and complex social interactions

middle and late childhood stage

both large and small muscles well developed

developed complex motor skills

from independent activities to same sex group activities

acceptance by peers very important

parental approval still important

middile and late childhood stage

6 to 12 years

middle and late childhood stage

is a critical developmental transition between childhood and adulthood. it is characterized by rapid physical growth (puberty), significant brain maturation, and the formation of personal identity where teens seek independence and prioritize peer relationship

adolescence stage

this transitional period can bring up issues of independence and self identity; many adolescents and their peers face tough choices regarding schoolwork, sexuality, drugs, alcohol, and social life. peer groups, romantic interests and appearance tend yo naturally increase in importance for some time during a teen's journey toward adulthood

adolescence stage

13 to 18 years

adolescence stage

who are typically vibrant, active and healthy and are focused on friendship, romance childbearing and careers. yet, serious condition, such as violent events, depression and eating disorders, can negatively impact this stage

early or young adulthood stage

19 to 29 yearsn

early or young adulthood stage

is a time of both gains and losses. the span of this stage can be defined chronologically, contextually. or biological

middle adulthood stage

most physical are in good physical, cognitive and emotional condition. they have heavy responsibilities and multiple roles and feel competent to handle them

middle adulthood stage

physical changes begin to occur

hair begins to thin and gray

wrinkles appear

hearing and vision decrease

main concerns; childrens, health, job security, aging parents, fear of aging

love and acceptance still take a major role

middle adulthood stage

30 to 60 years

middle adulthood stage

this period is characterized by physical, psychological, and social changes, including both gains and losses

late adulthood stage

fastest growing age bracket of society

physical deterioration (brittle bones, poor coordination)

some memory problems

very concerned with health and finances

significant number becomes depressed

late adulthood stage

61 and above

late adulthood stage

issues of human development

nature vs nurture

continuity vs discontinuity

stability vs change

behavior is caused by innate characteristics: the physiological/biological characteristics we are born with

nature

behavior is therefore determined by biology

nature

all possible behavior are said to be present from conception

nature

genes provide the blueprint for all behaviors; some present from birth, others pre-programmed to merge with age. developmental approach

nature

an individual's behavior is determined by the environment the things people teach them, the things they observe, and because of the different situations they are in

nurture

also, a determinist view- proposes all human behavior is the result of interactions with the environment

nurture

behaviorist theories are nurture theories:

behavior is shaped by interactions with the environment

born an empty vessel-waiting to filled up by experiences gained from environmental interaction

no limit to what they can achieve: depends on quality of external influences and not genes

the quality of the environment is key

nurture

behavior is often a result of the interaction between nature and nurture

nurture interaction

how active, responsive or emotional an infant is influences in part determines their caregivers’ responses

temprament

people tend to react differently to boys and girls due to expectations of masculine and feminine characteristics

gender

continuous development in psychology emphasizes that development and changes in individual occur gradually

continuity

view sees development as more abrupt- a succession of changes that produce different behaviors in different age-specific life periods called stages. biological changes provide the potential for these changes

discontinuity

view believe that people go through the same stages in the same order, but not necessarily at the same rate

discontinuity

is the idea that personality traits remain stable over a person's lifetime

stability

is the idea that a personality can shift over time because of one's life experiences

change

are approaches of developmental psychology in which stability denotes a condition in which some aspects of a system are unchanging and changes is an inevitable thing that occurs throughout a lifespan

stability and change